دور جاہلیت میں عرب کے معاشی حالات کا ایک جائزہ

It would be essential to know the pre Islamic economic conditions first, then it would be better to know that what are the Islamic principles regarding trade and economics. This would make us understand the Islamic principles fully; also it would help us to comprehend the nature of Arabs who were the same people who after coming into the fold of Islam agreed to lay down their lives for the Islamic cause. Keeping this in view, we can precise how much Islam advocates the truth and dignity for individual and business. Pre Islamic era was a dark period. Arabs had limited sources of Income and they relied upon the piracy and loot and plunder. In Dark era poets boasted Arabs loot and glorified it in their poetries. No one can deny that Arabs had bravery in their blood, and they conceive courage from their mother's womb. They used to loot money from affluent in the day time and gave away to the needy who used to boast them in their poetries. This Article discusses the Arab’s economic conditions in pre-Islamic Era.

Spatial Planning of Passive Optical Telecommunciation Network in Karach Through Gis Techniques

Telecommunication companies around the globe offering boundless features through wireline and wireless networks to consumers but legacy of telecommunication network is not fully capable to offer uninterrupted services and when dealing with bandwidth hungry applications. Under the influence of number of factors including; conventional network planning methods, lack of geospatial knowledge and legacy decision making approaches, telecom sector faces a host of problems those need an emergent resolution. A very tough competition, technological development and consumer churn have forced telecom operators to maximum utilization of installed networks. Telecom service providers now adopting systematical methodologies and strategic planning approaches to enhance service capabilities, expand network coverage, install modernized telecom networks and upgrade legacy networks to provide uninterrupted multi featured services efficiently. Telecom networks are usually at vast geographic area and spatial extant of networks need to deal with most suitable geo-spatial techniques. Geographic Information System (GIS) is widely used in telecom industry to deal the requirement of telecom networks sophisticatedly. Today welldeveloped GIS data models and tools support overall telecom operations especially outside plant management, network planning, decision making and network modeling up to port level. These network models also support in several business and operational capacities, right from network engineering designs, customer contact to many other operational and functional areas. This study reviewed utilization of various GIS techniques and methodologies in telecom network management, analysis, operations with integrated operational support and business support system for spatial network planning and optimal Gigabit Passive Optical Network engineering solution for Misri Shah telephone exchange of PTCL located in DHA phase-VI, Karachi. It is taken as a representative model in a mega city of 22 million populations. A valuable telecom network data from PTCL planning and development department, complain management system (CMS) data from operations, financial data from billing and customer care (B&CC), base map, and geographic data of consumer integrated with geodatabase model, to explore network status, identify network gapes, perform spatial analysis, display consumer profiling, highlight lucrative areas, determine customer demand, identify potential business areas, and spatial representation of Outside plant using geo-informatics techniques significantly.