اردو تنقید کے بنیاد گزار(مولانا الطاف حسین حالی)
اگرچہ کچھ تذکروںمیں تنقید کے ابتدائی نقوش ضرور ملتے ہیں لیکن اردو تنقید کے پہلے باقاعدہ نقاد مولانا الطاف حسین حالی ہیں۔میر تقی میر کا تذکرہ "ننکات الشعراء "پہلا تذکرہ ہے جو فارسی زبان میں لکھا ہے۔ اس سلسلے کی آخری کڑی مولانا محمد حسین آزادکی کتاب"آب حیات"ہے۔ جس کو تنقید اور تذکرے کی درمیانی شکل کہا گیا ہے۔
حالی وہ شخصیت ہیں کہ جنہوں نے اردو تنقید کے باقاعدہ اصول مقرر کیے۔۱۸۹۲ئمیں "دیوان حالی" شائع ہو ا تو اس میں مولانا کا ایک طویل مضمون بھی شامل تھا۔ اس مضمون میں شاعری کے اصولوں پر بات کی گئی اور بتایا گیا تھا کہ شاعری کس کو کہتے ہیں اور یہ کیسے ہوتی ہے۔یہی مضمون بعد میں علیحدہ" مقدمہ شعر و شاعری "کے نام سے شائع ہوا۔اور اردو تنقید کی پہلی کتاب قرار پایا۔اس کتاب کو جہاں اردو میں اہم مقام حاصل ہے۔وہاں پہ مولانا الطاف حسین حالی ہمیشہ کے لیے امر ہوگئے۔جیسے ہیر کو زندگی وارث شاہ نے دی اور وارث شاہ ہیر کی وجہ سے مشہور ہو گئے تو تنقید میں پہلا باقاعدہ نقاد الطاف حسین حالی کو مانا جاتا ہے اور ان کی کتاب "مقدمہ شعر وشاعری "کوتنقید کے حوالیسے پہلا کام تصور کیا جاتا ہے۔جب تک تنقید کا نام ہے الطاف حسین حالی کو معمار اول سمجھا جائے گا۔جب مقدمہ شعر وشاعری شائع ہوا تو اس کی مخالفت میں ہر طرف طوفان کھڑے ہوگئے۔ہر آدمہ مخالفت کرنے لگا۔حالی کو "خیالی" اور "ڈفالی" جیسے ناموں سے پکارا گیا۔ مگر کہتے ہیں کہ زمانہ سب سے بڑا منصف ہے۔جب طوفان تھما تو سب کو یہ ماننا پڑا کہ حالی اردو کے پہلے باضابطہ تنقید نگار ہیں اور انہوں نے جو کچھ لکھا ہے صحیح لکھا ہے۔
اس لحاظ سے مقدمہ شعر وشاعری اردو تنقید کی پہلی باضابطہ...
Gastric substances that potentially increase the esophageal mucosal damage are: gastric acid, pepsin, bile salts, and pancreatic enzymes. From all of these substances, the highest potential for reflux damage is gastric acid. Although the main cause of clinical symptoms of GERD is acid reflux, it has been known that there are subgroups with typical reflux symptoms that do not provide sufficient response or not responsive to PPI treatment. Despite the improvement of esophagitis, there is no clinical improvements in reflux symptoms of 30% respondents. Therefore, this study was designed to determine fasting gastric acidity with endoscopic findings in patients with GERD. A comparative-analysis study, which determine the fasting gastric acidity from endoscopic findings in patients with GERD. Samples recruited using consecutives sampling technique and divided into groups of esophagitis and non-esophagitis reflux. A total of 40 samples involved in this study. The Mann-Whitney test, was used for analyzing the difference between fasting gastric acidity from endoscopic findings of esophagitis lesions in patient with GERD. The median value for fasting gastric acidity in the esophagitis reflux group was 1.88 (0.82-4.84), whereas the median value for fasting gastric acidity in the non-esophagitis reflux group was 2.49 (0.68-5.97). The Mann-Whitney test result was p=0.298 (p>0.05). This study shows that there is no significant difference of fasting gastric acidity from endoscopic findings between esophagitis and non esophagitis reflux groups in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study shows that esophagitis lesions are not affected by gastric acidity.
Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate biomaterials were prepared by solid state sintering method. Pellets were dried in vacuum to remove the water molecules using oven for 4 hours at 120°C. The dried pellets were sintered attemperature 450 °C and 750 °C using muffle furnace Vulcan A-550 for varying time periods6,12,18, and 24 hours to get the gamma and beta phases, respectively. Nd: Yag laser used as an irradiation source for biomaterials. The analysis of samples (morphological and structural) was carried out before and after laser irradiation using X-Ray diffractometer and SEM. Before using Nd: YAG laser irradiation, a slight shift in 2θ values of XRD. It was observed that peaks become sharper as the biomaterials are irradiated. Major variations were not investigated in the XRD parameter of the materials investigated after laser exposure. The homogeneity and crystallinity of the pellets was observed before laser irradiation. After exposing the sample by laser, a slight change in the peak intensity was investigated. Before the SEM heating, the surface of the sample was smooth, grains were compact and size of grains was very large. As a result of sintering, the physical appearance of the pellets changed. Micro-cracks due to thermal shocks at 450 and 750 °C were observed. Compactness of the material and crytalline growth also disturbed badly. Densification of the material is greatly affected due to temperature variations. These effects results to formation of columnar structures. After laser effect on porosity of the materials due to minor changes in the surface volume was observed. The absence of pore is beneficial which causes an increase in mechanical strength of biomaterial and structural fractures. The prepared Ca2P2O7 samples at 450 and 750 °C carried out in the range of 500–4000 cm-1. FTIR of the prepared samples before and after laser showed formation of peaks at 720 –1211 cm-1, which is attributed to the presence of P-O-P linkage stretching mode in Ca2P2O7. After the use of laser, FTIR gives some peaks with lower intensity. The EDX analysis was carried out to confirm the elemental composition of the sample after laser. Mechanical properties of the prepared and sintered samples at 450°C and 750 °C for 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours before laser shows low values of compressive strength, and results shows no fracture strength, The compressive strength of the biomaterial improved from0.03–0.24MPa with the increase in temperature. However, the laser exposure of the material becomes mechanically weak and its compressive strength decreases from 0.19 – 0.059 MPa.