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Screening of wheat genotypes for yellow rust resistance using molecular markets.

Thesis Info

Author

Aqsa Waqar

Supervisor

Shamim Akhtar

Department

Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology

Program

BS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

vii, 32

Subject

Bioinformatics & Biotechnology

Language

English

Other

BS 615.321 AQS

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-08 08:56:51

ARI ID

1676723731814

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التقريظ (2)

التقريظ (2)

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

الحمد والثناء لرّبِّ العالمين، والصلاة والسلام على حبيبنا وسيدنا محمد أشرف الأنبياء والمرسلين .........وبعد

من المؤكد أن عملية التوسع الشامل في مجال الأدب في العصر الحديث لم يأت من فراغ بقدر ما جاء نتيجة المقارنة بين الآداب المختلفة وقد ساعدت هذه الفكرة في التواصل بين المجتمعات الحديثة.

ولعله من أهم العوامل الفكرية التي كان لها تأثير على الآداب وتطورها في العصرالحديث هي حركة المقارنة بين الآداب المختلفة.

 الأدب المقارن في العلاقات الثقافية المختلفة له أهمية كبيرة وبالتأكيد دوره عظيم ولا سيما بين ثقافتي العربية والباكستانية .

فعندما لاحظت مهارة تلميذتي في اللغتين الأردية والعربية طرأ على ذهني فكرة المقارنة فلم أرى شخصاً أفضل من الدكتورة مكية نبي بخش بأن يقوم بهذا العمل الرائع لذلك ألقيت عليها فكرة دراسة مقارنة بين أشعار نازك الملائكة الشاعرة العربية العراقية وبين أشعار بروين شاكر الشاعرة الباكستانية الأردية.

لقد أوضح الفكر الإسلامي في أن "التعليم والتعلم" ليس مجرد حرفة ولكن في الأصل هو عبادة وتقرّب إلى الله، وبالفعل هناك بعض الأفاضل الذين أحترموا التعليم والتعلم وأجتهدوا وسهروا من أجل نشر العلم وأحب ان أذكر بالأحرف الذهبية وبكل فخر إسم العالم الجليل الأستاذ الدكتور إبراهيم محمد إبراهيم السيد أستاذ اللغة الأردية وآدابها بجامعة الأزهر الذي يتميز بمهارتهِ في اللغتين العربية والأُردية وسيادته قام بمراجعة هذا الكتاب قبل أن يُنشر وبكل تأكيد وثقة سيادته من العلماء الأفذاذ وأشكر بكل إحترام سيادته على جهوده وتوجيهاته وأنا أثق في خبراته وعلومه أطال الله عمره وأعطاه الصحة والسلامة.

وبالفعل تلميذتي الدكتورة مكية نبي بخش تحب العلم وهي إنسانة طموحة ومجتهدة جداً فقد عانت الكثير من التحديات ولكنها لم تستسلم وقد ساعد جهودها إلى رفع مستواها العلمي والثقافي، فقد حصلت على درجة الدكتوراه في اللغة العربية من...

Muslim-Christian Relations in the Era of Prophet Muhammad: Review of Najrān Delegation’s Case in Modern Context

Muslim–Christian relations are as mature as Islamic history itself. Historical evidences state the first interaction of Muslims and Christians occurred in 5th year after nabuwwah (615 AD) when Muslims migrated to Ḥabshah (Abyssinia) and second contact was established after immigration of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to Madinah. After getting socio-political stability in 8th hijrī (629 AD), Muhammad (PBUH) sent letters and ambassadors to different statesmen and religious leaders to spread the Islamic Mission and Message globally. One letter was also sent to the chief Bishop of Najrān. In response, the chief Bishop of Najrān accepted the invitation and personally came to meet the Prophet (PBUH) with his reputed delegation. The beloved Messenger (PBUH) warmly welcomed this delegation. As a result, the peace agreement was reached after some theological debate and discussion. Later on, throughout history, the relations between Muslims and Christians have been in situation of up and down. It’s also a fact that over the centuries, the Muslims-Christians relations had sometimes been one of enmity, sometimes one of rivalry, competition, and encounter. In spite of it, the Najrān’s delegation case has a historical significance in Muslim-Christian relations in the literature of both religions. Therefore, in this study efforts were made to explore the event of Najrān delegation as theological foundations for Muslim-Christian relations in times of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and how can we get benefit from it in modern era. Moreover, this study perceives that the case of Najrān delegation was the first practical interaction between Muslims and Christians of that age. Hence, we could get benefit from it with its modern applications and interpretations. The analytical, comparative and historical approaches have been adopted in this study with qualitative paradigm. I compared and analysed the case in Islamic and Christian context and then gave recommendation for its application.

Study on Subclinical Rickets Among Adolescents in Hazara

This study has revealed that sub clinical rickets is found in adolescent students of Hazara. Although this concern is common in both genders from all geographical areas, but more cases were found in rural school student and of girl’s gender. The major root cause includes nutritional deficiencies and unavailability of sun shine. Hence the lack of synergistic effect of sun shines vitamin D and nutritional intake was seen in sub clinical rickets cases. Biochemical low serum level of vitamin D is the most prominent laboratory tool for the confirmation of this problem. Study populations consisted of school students which belonged to rural, urban and suburban areas of Hazara, Pakistan. Number and ages of all group participants were almost same and there was no significant differences among them (>0.05). Prevalence of sub clinical rickets was found to be 51(27%), out of which girls was 36(71%) and boys 15(29%) with significant differences (<0.05). Among cases of subclinical rickets, 26(51%) were from rural, 16(31%) urban area and 09(18%) from suburban region. Same gender of subclinical rickets from different areas were of similar ages, but difference noted in the ages of boys and girls sub clinical rickets cases (<0.05). Determination of nutritional status of each individual from different areas which was assigned as sub clinical rickets case reflect that, average amount of nutrients such as vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus were being taking less than the recommended amount on daily basis in their foods. No significant difference were noted in daily intakes of sub clinical cases of both genders as well as among different areas groups (>0.05). There was no difference seen significantly between daily intake of adolescents with or without sub clinical rickets (>0.05). Although both genders were taken almost similar amount of vitamin D, calcium & phosphorus on daily basis in their foods, but significant differences were noted in Sub clinical Rickets among Adolescents prevalence of sub clinical rickets & serum vitamin D level between two genders (<0.05). Area wise among different subclinical rickets groups as well as their comparison with normal cases, the significant differences were observed regarding serum 25(OH) D concentration (<0.05). In comparison of sub clinical rickets cases with normal group in similar area, calcium and alkaline phosphatase in serum of boys and girls from rural and urban territory showed significant difference (<0.05), but non significant difference was observed in phosphorus and parathyroid status in group(>0.05). No significant differences were observed regarding calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormonal level of suburban subclinical clinical cases vs. normal (>0.05). On the basis of vitamin D status the sub clinical cases divided into two categories, Insufficiency (≥25-<50nmol/l) and deficiency (<25nmol/l). Vitamin D deficiency cases was 8(16%) and 43(84%) of vitamin D insufficiency. Significant difference was noted between vitamin D deficient and vitamin D insufficient level. In sub clinical rickets groups, low level of vitamin D (51)100%, abnormality of calcium found in (28)55%, phosphorus (13)24%, high alkaline phosphatase (37)73% and none of the case with high parathyroid hormone level from upper normal reference range. Occurrence of low vitamin D level 33(92%) was found in girls having age >13 to ≤16 years but only 3(08%) having age ≥11 to ≤13 years. In boys age >13 to ≤16 years none of case had low vitamin D level, all of 15(100%) subclinical rickets cases were of age between ≥11 to ≤13 years. Significant difference in vitamin D level of lower age girl group and higher age girl group was noted (<0.050). Study concluded that, sub clinical rickets is considered as camouflagic problem among school students of both genders especially girls in Hazara. Lack of synergistic effects of sunshine vitamin D and nutritional intakes are the major cause of this problem. Low sun shine is attributed to environmental, social and traditional factors. Along with sunshine and nutritional factors, the age and sex might be contributing factors in the occurrence of low vitamin D status.