شیخ بشارت علی فارانیؔ(۱۹۱۱ء۔۱۹۸۰ء) کا اصل نام بشارت علی اور فارانیؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ فارانیؔ ظفر وال پیدا ہوئے ۔ تقسیم ہند کے بعد آپ نے سیالکوٹ میں مستقل رہائش اختیار کی۔ (۵۸۲) آپ کا کلام روزنامہ ’’نظام‘‘ ،کراچی،ہفت روزہ،’’چاند‘‘ ،جموں اور ’’پریم‘‘ لاہور میں چھپتا رہا۔ آپ نے سیالکوٹ سے ایک ادبی رسالہ ماہنامہ ’’فردوس‘‘ بھی جاری کیا۔
فارانیؔ کی شاعری میں کوئی جدت نہیں۔ ان کی شاعری میں روایتی موضوعات کی جھلک دیکھی جا سکتی ہے۔ نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
ہاتھ میں جب تک تیرا ہاتھ
)دن ہی دن ہے کیسی رات
)ہو جائے گی بات پرائی
)لب پر آئی دل کی بات
/عشق کے بندے سیدھے سادھے
3یہ کیا جانیں پانچ اور سات
-ایک نظر کی بات ہے ساری
1عشق نہ پوچھے ذات اور پات
-چھائے ہیں فرقت کے بادل
)پھیکی پھیکی ہے برسات
(۵۸۳)
۵۶۸۔فیض احمد فیض کے شعری مجموعوں کی اشاعت کے بارے میں تمام معلومات راقم الحروف نے اشفاق حسین کے تحقیقی مقالہ ’’فیض احمد فیض ۔فن اور شخصیت‘‘ سے حاصل کیں۔
۵۶۹۔فیض احمد فیض،’’نسخہ ہائے وفا‘‘،(زنداں نامہ) لاہور،مکتبہ کارواں ،۲۰۱۰ء،ص :۷۲،۷۳
۵۷۰۔ایضاً،(نقش فریادی)،ص:۸۵
۵۷۱۔ایضاً،ص :۷
۵۷۲۔ایضاً،ص :۱۴
۵۷۳۔ایضاً،ص :۵۷
۵۷۴۔ایضاً(دستِ صبا)،ص:۵۵
۵۷۵۔ایضاً،ص :۴۹
۵۷۶۔ایضاً،ص...
Among different creations of Allāh, Jinnāt have their own independent existence. By essence, they neither belong to the human race nor to the angelic world. One commonality between Jinnāt and human beings is that they both are provided with consciousness and can practice their own free-will in terms of choosing what is right and what is wrong, while angles are deprived of this ability. Jinnāt are mentioned in numerous places in the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth of the Prophet SAW, so much so that it would be unreasonable to deny their existence. Henceforth, the scholars from every period of time have acknowledged their existence and it wouldn’t be wrong to claim that they all share almost similar views on them. Likewise, every Muslim group acknowledged their existence with the exception of Jahmīyah and Mu‘tazilah. As far as Jews and Christians are concerned, they too like Muslims believe in the existence of Jinnāt. To summarize, it is proven by means of multiplicity (Tawātur) of report from all the Prophets and Messengers and therefore, every follower of the heavenly religion has some sort of belief in the existence of Jinnāt. As far as their influence on the human beings is concerned, there are three major views prevailing among Muslims. There are those who completely deny their existence and therefore, do not in anyway acknowledge their influence on human life. Then there are those who do believe in their existence but are of the opinion that they remain aloof from human beings and therefore, have no influence on the human life. The third opinion which is the opinion of the majority of the scholars is that not only Jinnāt exist but they have the power to influence and affect human beings as well. In this treatise, the opinion of the proponents of the third view is analyzed and their evidences from Qur’ān and Sunnah are discussed.
Studies on effect of different hosts on biology of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) carried out under laboratory conditions at 26±2°C and 65±5% R. H. indicated that the incubation period of eggs of C. carnea females feeding on different hosts as larvae was significantly (P <0.001) different from each other. The order of larval period on different prey species was Sitotroga cerealella > Aphis gossypii > Phenacoccus solenopsis > mixed host diet > Pectinophora gossypiella > Helicoverpa armigera.The maximum (100%) and minimum (50%) survival to adult stage was recorded on S. cerealella and P.gossypiella as hosts. The highest fecundity per female (503.3±9.17) and fertility (85.61±0.68) of eggs were recorded for females reared on S. cerealella eggs as a larval diet. C. carnea larvae consumed maximum amount of food when feeding on S. cerealella eggs followed by A. gossypii. The insects reared on artificial diet laid more eggs which were significantly more fertile than the eggs of insects feeding on S. cerealella. Survival to adult stage was also significantly higher for those insects feeding on artificial diet as larvae. Larval density had significant (P <0.001) effect on larval and pupal duration, pupal weight and percent adult emergence. When C. carnea was reared on different temperature regimes, 26°C was found to be the optimum temperature regime with significantly higher pupal recovery, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility of eggs. Experiments conducted at lower temperature regimes for extending the shelf-life of C. carnea indicated that duration of storage and temperature significantly affected egg survival. No egg survived when stored at 5°C. Egg stored at 7 and 9°C had 66.0 and 71.52% survival and all eggs were killed when stored for more than one week. Lower temperature had negative effect on survival of first instar C. carnea. Second and third instar C. carnea larvae showed better survival at lower temperature during storage compared with first instar. Compared with eggs and larvae, pupal stage of C. carnea was more sensitive to lower temperature regimes. Duration of storage and temperature adversely affected fecundity of females and fertility of eggs. Larval mass-rearing methods indicated that rearing of individual larva in plastic tubes yielded highest larval survival and percent adult emergence compared with other two methods. Different concentrations of various proteins in the artificial adult diet of C. carnea had a significant (P <0.001) effect on fecundity and fertility of eggs. The highest fecundity (785.12±25.75) and fertility (89.23±0.36) of eggs was recorded for adults feeding on diet containing Nu lure (5.0 ml diet -1 ). Among all colours tested, C. carnea females preferred black colour as a substrate for egg-laying and laid the highest (91.00%) xieggs. C. carnea laid highest number of eggs when a sex ratio of 1: 3 (male: females) was maintained. Radiation of C. carnea larvae and pupae affected the biological parameters. Larval period were extended when larvae were irradiated as first, second and third instars at 5 Gy. At higher dose levels, the biological parameters were affected negatively. Toxicity of insecticides against eggs of C. carnea varied significantly. Spinosad was non-toxic causing no egg mortality, abamectin was slightly toxic causing 2.5% mortality, while methomyl was highly toxic insecticide causing 26.25% mortality at field application dose rate. When C. carnea larvae and adults were exposed to insecticides, methomyl was found the most toxic and spinosad the least toxic insecticides. C. carnea egg cards were released in cotton (cv. NIAB-78) field for population management of sucking insect pests. Aphid, Aphis gossypii population reduction in predator released treatments was significant (P <0.001). By the end of season predator was able to cause 76.13 and 75.02% population reduction of aphid during 2005 and 2006, respectively. Release of C. carnea cards in cotton crop significantly (P <0.001) reduced the population of jassid, Amrasca devastans; thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. The level of population reduction varied between different pest species. Population reduction was 83.70 and 76.07% for jassid; 37.59 and 60.32% for thrips and 51.84 and 44.08% for whitefly during 2005 and 2006, respectively. Release of C. carnea egg cards also had a significant effect on resident population of C. carnea in predator released treatments compared with control treatments. When C. carnea larvae were released in field cage study, third instar larvae were significantly (P <0.001) more effective than first and second instars in reducing sucking insect pest population in cotton.