1۔ ججزکا کردار
اسلام کے ابتدائی دور میں قاضی کے تقرر کے لیے شرائط مندرجہ ذیل تھیں: مکلف ہو، جسمانی طور پر صحت مند ہو اور تعلیمی قابلیت مجتہد والی صفات موجود ہوں ۔ اس کے علاوہ لوگوں کی نفسیات سے واقف ہو۔خلیفہ خو د قضاۃ کا تقرر کرتا تھا۔ بنوعباس کے دور میں البتہ قاضی القضاۃ کا عہدہ پہلی بار متعارف ہوا۔ اس عہدہ جلیلہ پر فائز ہونے والی شخصیت قاضی ابویوسف ؒ کی ہے ۔ان کو بھی اختیار حاصل تھا کہ وہ تین براعظموں پر مشتمل اس ریاست کے قاضی کا تقرر کر سکیں۔صد ر ِاسلام میں نظام قضاء کے لیے قاضی کو جن امورکا خیال رکھنا پڑتا تھا اورفیصلہ دینے کا طریقہ کار کیا تھا۔ اس حوالے سے حضرت عمر کا ایک خط جو آپ نے حضرت ابو موسیٰ اشعری کو لکھا تھا ان میں سے اکثر تفصیلات کو سموئے ہوئے ہے ۔ السنن الکبرٰی للبیہقی اورالدارقطنی ؒنے یہ خط ان الفاظ کے ساتھ نقل کیا ہے
"كتب عمر إلى أبي موسى أما بعد فإن القضاء فريضة محكمة وسنة متبعة فافهم إذا أدلى إليك فإنه لا ينفع تكلم بحق لا نفاذ له آس الناسي في مجلسك وفي وجهك وقضائك حتى لا يطمع شريف في حيفك ولا ييأس ضعيف من عدلك البينة على المدعي واليمين على من أنكر والصلح جائز بين المسلمين إلا صلحا أحل حراما أو حرم حلالا ومن ادعى حقا غائبا أو بينة فاضرب له أمدا ينتهي إليه فإن بينه أعطيته بحقه وإن أعجزه ذلك استحللت عليه القضية فإن ذلك هو أبلغ في العذر وأجلى للعلماء ولا يمنعنك قضاء قضيت فيه اليوم فراجعت فيه رأيك فهديت فيه لرشدك أن تراجع فيه الحق فإن الحق قديم لا يبطله شيء ومراجعة الحق خير من التمادي في الباطل والمسلمون عدول بعضهم على بعض إلا مجربا عليه شهادة زور أو مجلودا في حد أو...
Christianity is the top most practiced religion on earth and has over a billion followers across the nations. It is therefore a very important topic of interest in the field of comparative religious studies. To understand the ideology of this religion, it is very important to get familiarize with the name, introduction to its believes, the important scriptures and references. This article encompasses the Introduction of: Christianity, Canonical Gospels and 3. Basic believes/ belief system of Christianity
Mobile phones have emerged as one of the most successful electronic products during the last few years. These
are not only used as communication devices but are also being used as payment devices. So it is important for
cellular companies and banks to understand that what can be the significant factors that are important for
customers while taking a decision related to adoption of mobile payment services. Drawing from the Diffusion
of Innovation Theory, Technology Acceptance Model, and previous literatures, eight constructs were
hypothesized to investigate the factors that play an important role in the adoption of Mobile Payment services
of Pakistani customers. For this study, 250 survey questionnaires were distributed out of which 236 responses
were received. SEM in AMOS is used to analyze the results of proposed model.
The results show that Relative advantage, complexity, Perceived ease of use, and cost are the main factors that
affect the behavioral intention of Pakistani customers while taking a decision regarding adoption of mobile
payment services. Then mediating effects of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were also analyzed
between cost and behavioral intention and compatibility and behavioral intention and found that partial
mediation of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness exists between cost and behavioral intention and
compatibility and behavioral intention. Perceived usefulness (PEU) was found insignificant while testing the
mediating effect between PEU and trust and security and behavioral intention while there was no mediation
through perceived ease of use between relative advantage and behavioral intention. While analyzing the results
of uncertainty avoidance, it was also found that uncertainty avoidance does not moderate the relationship
between trust and security and behavioral intention.
These findings will appeal banks and cellular companies to quickly migrate the customers towards mobile
banking which can result in significant decrease in their operating costs.