علمائے کرام، قائد اعظم اور نظریہ پاکستان

In this article the role played by the Muslim religious scholars in the Pakistan Movement has also been discussed. The most prominent among such scholars were Molana Mazharuddin Malik, Molana Shabeer Ahmad Usmani, Molana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Molana Zafar Ahmad Ansari, Mufti Muhammad Shafee, Molana Ikram Khan Bengali, Molana Ahmad Raza Khan Brailvi, Molana Naeem Uddin Muradabadi, Molana Azad Subhani, Molana Abdul Hamid Badauni, and MolanaAbul Ala Maududi. At the end, an analysis of the ideology of Pakistan has been presented in the light of the excerpts taken from various speeches and statements made by the Quaid during 1938 and 1948. It shows that the Quaid wanted to make Pakistan an Islamic state governed by the teachings of Allah Taala. He wanted to make it a model Islamic state to convince others to realize that the commandments of Allah are practicable and are a means of salvation from hurdles and hardships.

Growth and Characterization of Nano Structured Composite Carbon Films

The structural and surface morphology of metal-incorporated diamond like carbon films have been investigated. These films were deposited on Si (111) substrates using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. A KrF Excimer laser (λ= 248 nm) was used for co- ablation from multi component Ni-graphite and Ag-graphite targets. The carbon composite films were prepared without and with external magnetic field applied transverse to the plume. The structural analysis was performed using X-ray Differactrometer (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) analyses were performed to explore the surface morphology, texture and roughness of films. The application of external magnetic field has significantly improved the film quality. Films prepared in the presence of external magnetic field have comparatively larger crystallite size of Ni as well as of Ag. Another important aspect of application of external field is the enhancement in the graphitization and shifting of G-band towards higher wave number. The nucleation and growth process of carbon films are strongly dependent on the size and energies of the ablated species. The I D /I G ratios for the films prepared under external magnetic field indicate that the chain length and the six-fold aromatic rings of carbon clusters have developed substantially in that film matrix and thus graphitization is enhanced. The metal intercalated atoms support to the formation of carbon ring clusters by taking the π-electron which reduces the excited state of molecule. The surface morphological investigations reveal that surface texture and organized growth of the particles varies with concentration as well as with the applied field. The roughness has also been influenced by the application of magnetic field as well as by the Ni and Ag dopants in the prepared composite films. The purpose of developing such kind of films is to enhance the conventional properties of the films and to achieve some exceptional results which are not possible in ordinary films. These films have a vast variety of applications in photo-voltaic, bio-medical, tribological and semiconductor industry.