بشیر احمد کٹھوری
صدحیف کہ پچھلے دنوں ہماری بزم انس ومحبت کاایک اوررکن ہم سے بچھڑ گیا۔ یعنی مولانا بشیر احمدصاحب کٹھوری المعروف بہ بھٹہ نے طویل علالت کے بعد وفات پائی۔ مولانا نے اگرچہ علوم عربیہ اوردرس نظامی کی سیوہارہ، امروہہ اور مرادآباد میں باقاعدہ تکمیل کی تھی۔لیکن ان کوکبھی ان علوم کے ساتھ اشتغال یاان کے درس کاموقع نہیں ملا۔اس لیے نتیجہ کے اعتبارسے ان کوباقاعدہ وباضابطہ عالم کہنا بھی مشکل ہے۔لیکن دماغ اورذہن بلا کا رساپایا تھا۔ذہانت اور جودتِ طبع کایہ عالم تھاکہ اگروہ علوم دینیہ واسلامیہ میں مشغول رہتے تومولانا عبیداﷲ سندھی بنتے۔ اور اگر انگریزی تعلیم حاصل کرلیتے تو سرعلی امام یاسر فضل حسین سے کم نہ رہتے۔ بڑے بڑے علما اور انگریزی تعلیم یافتہ حضرات کی مجلسوں میں جب کسی موضوع پرتقریر کرتے تھے تواپنے منطقی استدلال اور برہانی طرزِ بیان سے چھاجاتے تھے اور پھراُن کی تردید کرناآسان نہیں رہتاتھا۔معاش کے لیے انھوں نے کاروبار کاراستہ اختیار کیااور اس میں اپنی ذہانت اورمحنت سے اس درجہ ترقی کی کہ مٹی سے سونا پیدا کرنے لگے۔ اپنی اینٹوں سے سیکڑوں شاندار عمارتیں کارخانے اورفیکٹریاں بنا ڈالیں۔لیکن خودہمیشہ مزدوروں کی طرح کام کرتے رہے اور انھیں کی طرح رہتے رہے۔ خلقِ خداکی خدمت کاان میں بے پناہ جذبہ تھا۔جوشخص بھی ان کے پاس جس کام کے لیے پہنچ جاتاتھا ان کے درسے مایوس نہیں لوٹتا تھا۔ جمعیۃ علمائے ہندکے اعلیٰ طبقہ سے تعلق رکھتے تھے۔اوران کا اس جماعت میں بڑا وقار اور امتیاز تھا۔کانگریس کے بھی بڑے بااثر اورسر گرم کارکن تھے۔تحریک خلافت اورپھر تحریک آزادی کے زمانہ میں کئی بارجیل گئے جس سے ان کی صحت اورکاروبار کوبڑانقصان پہنچا۔لیکن ان کے جوش،سرگرمی اور ولولۂ کار میں کبھی فرق نہ آیا۔قلب ودماغ کی ان خوبیوں کے ساتھ ان میں اخلاقی جرأت بھی کچھ کم نہیں تھی۔ صوبہ اتر پردیش کی کونسل...
In the modern warfare, intelligence plays a pivotal role, and is, therefore, considered an essential part of defense strategy in all countries. In the Islamic defense system, intelligence has been an important tool right from the days of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). This paper aims at explaining the importance of intelligence for the defense of an Islamic State according to the teachings of Islam. The word intelligence in this paper has been used in the military sense. The scope of this paper is limited to the Holy Quran, Hadith and prominent events of the Hijrah, battles of Badr, Uhud, Trench and consequent of Makkah. Intelligence is considered the most important tool of war in modern times. No army can fight without it. Getting information about enemy’s plans, assets and movement (ops intelligence) and safeguarding own information; morale and loyalty of the troops (counter intelligence) are its two main aspects. An overview of the Holy Quran, Hadith and life of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) reveals that both there aspects of intelligence have been given due importance in Islam.
This study explores the process and ways through which a teaching strategy such as Predict, Observe and explain (POE) helps students of grade 9 to enhance conceptual understanding of biology (enzymes). Through this strategy a teacher can create an atmosphere of inquiry and critical thinking in the science classroom. This study was conducted in three phases: Pre- intervention, Intervention and Post-intervention by using qualitative research paradigm embedded within action research. In pre- intervention I assessed current knowledge about existing teaching practices and learning atmosphere at research site as well as conceptual understanding and skills of students through observation and pre-test in the chapter (Enzymes) which was already taught by subject teacher. During Intervention stage I played two roles, that of a teacher and of a researcher. As teacher I taught the same chapter (enzymes) to all students of grade 9 of a private school in Karachi, using POE as teaching strategy. During this process emphasis was given to important aspects of POE; prediction, observation and explain and the gradual progress in conceptual understanding of students and skills. The process of learning and the ways which lead to conceptual understanding were also assessed. In Post intervention stage I assessed progress in conceptual understanding. Data were collected by using different methods and tools to ensure better reliability. For example pre-test, observational checklist, field notes, worksheets, reflective diary and post- test. Similarly data were analyzed at two stages: one was ongoing analysis of students’ work and responses while the other was thematic analysis after field work. I found that the students, who had not full understanding about enzymes in the pre- test, showed better and deeper understanding in the post- test. POE helped students in enhancing their concepts through motivation. Students not only became more proficient in science process skills of predictions, observations and explanations but also became competent in applying their learning (previous knowledge) according to the learning situation. I also found that through POE a teacher can identify students’ alternative frame works in biological concepts and rectify these alternative frameworks. I also found that POE based activities not only useful in enhancing conceptual understanding but also useful to enhance informal reasoning skills which can help students to better articulate their concepts with justifications on the basis of scientific grounds and reasons. Results of my research study reveal that teachers’ teaching style and methodology play a vital role in learning; student followed