اسلام میں شعر و شاعری کا تصور

The position of poetry remained unchanged in Islam as it was before Islam, however with due some changes it was used as a weapon for the sake of Islam. This article will explain that how the poetry played a vital role in preaching of Islam. Islam absolutely encourages good wholesome poetry, which inspires one towards the fear of Allah, towards His awe and obedience, and towards anything that is good and made permissible by Allah and His Messenger (ﷺ). Following discussions are made in this article: Firstly Qur’anic views towards poetry; as the word poet came in Qur’an four times while the word poetry once. The total verses in which we see the word poetry are six. Secondly preaching of ethics through poetry; as we see that before Islam the Arab society was without any ethics, the Muslim poet called them for an exemplary life like of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) Using of Qur’anic notion in poetry. Thirdly the Qur’anic notion was used largely in the beginning of Islam, especially by Ḥassān bin Thābit, ʻAbdullāh Bin Rawāḥah, Kaʻb Bin Zubayr and Nābighah Al Jaʻdī etc. Fourthly Answer to non-believers through poetry; as Ḥassān bin Thābit did through his poetry, and answer to the opposition, which impacts more sharp than sword and lastly using of Poetry during the war; it was considered as one of the biggest source for encouraging towards holly wars, the example of Haḍrat Khansā is most prominent. The research article basically focuses upon the importance of poetry in Islam, moreover how the weapon of poetry has been used by Islamic poets for defending Islam and how Islamic poetry vastly used for spreading of golden teachings of Islam.

Molecular Markers of Susceptibility to Prion Diseases in Local Humans and Domesticated Bovids

This thesis presents the lacking information on genetic susceptibility of Pakistani population to human prion disease variants and of local domesticated bovids to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). In study 1, a total of 909 unrelated individuals including 221 hemophiliacs representing all 4 major provinces of Pakistan were screened for M129V polymorphism and insertions or deletions of octapeptide repeats (OPRIs/OPRDs) using Polymerase Chain Reaction coupled with Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Concordance of the results of some PCR-RFLP reactions was also confirmed by dideoxy automated Sanger sequencing. The frequencies of M129V alleles (129M and 129V) and genotypes (129MM, 129MV and 129VV) were found in all 909 individuals to be 0.7101, 0.2899, 0.5270, 0.3663 and 0.1067, respectively. Deletion of 1 octapeptide repeat (1-OPRD) was detected in heterozygous state in PRNP of 10 individuals and in homozygous state in 1 individual. An insertion of 3 octapeptide repeats (3-OPRI) was found in 1 individual and an insertion of 1 octapeptide repeat (1-OPRI) in two individuals. Both 3-OPRI and 1-OPRI were present in heterozygous state and were linked to 129M allele. There were no significant χ2 differences between M129V allelic and genotypic frequencies of healthy individuals and hemophiliacs. However, M129V allelic and genotypic frequencies differed significantly between Pakistani population and East Asian and Western populations. Non-significant χ2 differences between M129V frequencies of healthy individuals and hemophiliacs suggest that individuals manifesting single gene disorders may provide naturally randomized samples for studies aiming at surveying the genetic variation. The combined excess of 129MM and 129VV homozygosity and the presence of 3-OPRI in 1 individual imply that Pakistani population may be susceptible to prion disorders. In study 2, a total of 236 cattle from 7 breeds and 281 buffaloes from 5 breeds were screened for E211K polymorphism and 23 bp and 12 bp indels employing triplex PCR. The E211K polymorphism was not detected in any of the animals studied. The 23 bp insertion allele was underrepresented in studied cattle breeds while the 12 bp insertion allele was overrepresented. Both 23 bp and 12 bp insertion alleles were overrepresented in studied buffalo breeds. Almost 90% of alleles were insertion alleles across all studied buffalo breeds. The average frequency of 23 bp and 12 bp insertion alleles across all studied cattle breeds was found to be 0.1822 and 0.9407, respectively. There were significant differences between Pakistani and worldwide cattle in terms of allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of 23 bp and 12 bp indels. The higher observed frequency of 12 bp insertion allele suggests that Pakistani cattle are relatively more resistant to classical BSE than European cattle.