مولانا شبلی ندوی
اسی مہینہ مولانا شبلی ندوی کی وفات تقریباً نوے سال کی عمر میں لکھنؤ میں ہوگئی، وہ اپنی زندگی میں سب سے پرانے ندوی کی حیثیت سے عزت کی نگاہ سے دیکھے جاتے تھے، شروع ہی سے بڑے خاکسار متواضع اور ایثار پسند رہے، علامہ شبلی نعمانی کے محبوب اور معتمد شاگردوں میں تھے، ان کو متکلم شبلی کہا کرتے تھے۔ اپنے بستر مرگ پر ان کو نصیحت کی تھی کہ جہاں رہو میری طرز تعلیم کو پھیلاتے رہو، ان ہی کی خواہش سے مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائے میر میں مدرس ہوئے، اس کی خدمت میں پوری زندگی گذار دی، وہاں کے اختلافات کی وجہ سے کچھ دنوں اس سے علیحدہ رہے، لیکن پھر وہاں آگئے تھے، ان کی تمنا تھی کہ اس احاطہ میں دم توڑ دیں، لیکن آخری زندگی میں بعض اسباب سے ان کو پھر سے الگ ہونا پڑا، ان کی مٹی ان کو لکھنؤ لے گئی، کلام و معقولات کے بڑے لائق و فاضل مدرسہ تھے، دارالمصنفین سے بھی ان کو بڑی محبت رہی، بڑے خوش نصیب باپ تھے، ان کی اولاد ہندوبیرون ہند میں اچھے اچھے عہدوں پر مامور رہی مگر وہ اپنی اصلی اولاد مدرسۃ الاصلاح ہی کو سمجھتے رہے، اپنے لڑکوں کے گھروں کی راحت و آسائش کو یہاں کی قانع اور سادہ زندگی پر قربان کرتے رہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو کروٹ کروٹ جنت نعیم عطا کریں، آمین۔ (’’ص ، ع‘‘، جنوری ۱۹۷۴ء)
This study aims to find the values of social educational contained in the Qur'an. This research is a qualitative research in the form of library research. The focus of the verse is the object and source of primary data of this study, namely various commentaries that explain Surah at-Taubah verses 71-72. While secondary data sources of research is various literatut that are relevant to the subject matter of discussion. To answer the discussion of the research, the writer uses the method of interpretation maudhu'i (thematic). This study concludes that the values of humanistic social education contained in the letter at-Taubah verses 71-72 include attitudes of helping to help, an invitation to the good and preventing munkar, social solidarity, brotherhood. These values can be a spirit of social education in forming empathy, mutual care, protection, tolerance and high social solidarity. The four values of social education can be actualized in the context of the planting of social education in children through various things, among others, the cultivation of a noble mentality in children can be realized in the planting of brotherly values and help children. Furthermore, the cultivation of a spirit of attention to the rights of others and a commitment to social ethics can be realized through the inculcation of the value of social solidarity. Then, inculcation of critical and social supervision can be realized by instilling the value of amar makruf nahi munkar.
The main focus of the study is to compare the different entropy measures using exponential and size biased moment exponential distribution. Three different types of entropies have been compared. These entropies are Residual & Past entropies, α order entropies and α,β order entropies. These entropies have been compared mathematically, numerically and graphically. The generalized α order entropies and α,β order entropies for exponential distribution and SBM exponential distribution derived in chapter 3. Residual & Past entropies also derived in this chapter for both distributions. A new entropy has been derived using the hazard rate of the distribution. New entropy (HN1) produced the same result as Shannon’s 1948 entropy produces. This entropy fulfills the additive property of the Shannon entropy. HN1 is an alternate of the Shannon’s entropy. By extending the idea of hazard rate function, three new α order entropies have been derived. These entropies HN2, HN3 and HN4 produces the results same as Renyi’s (1961) entropy, Havrda & Charvat (1967) and Tsallis (1988) entropies respectively. This indicates that hazard rate is an information function. Another generalized α, β order entropy A1 has been derived. This is more generalized form of the entropy. Renyi (1961), Sunoj & Linu (2010), Rao et al. (2004) and Shannon (1948) entropies are the special cases of A1 entropy for different values of α and β. Residual and past entropies also derived for both distributions and compared. There are two new residual entropies A2, A4 and one past entropy A3 has been derived. These three entropies are also in generalized form. Thiswill produce number of residual entropies and past entropies using different values of α, β. A numerical study has been conducted for the comparison. Awad & Alwaneh (1987) introduced relative loss for the comparison of entropies. In this study relative loss of all entropies have been derived and compared. The result of relative loss is negative for majority of α order entropies. This shows that entropy of SBME distribution is higher as compare to the exponential distribution except Awad et al. (1987) entropy measures. Awad et al. (1987) entropies show the positive result which implies that exponential distribution has higher entropy as compare to others. Residual & past entropy also shows the negative results of relative loss and indicates that SBME distribution has higher entropy as compared to others. Statistical interpretation of the entropy and relative loss is not so easy. Higher entropy of the distribution concludes that there is high randomness in the distribution. Graphical trend of the entropies shows the exponential decay for both distributions. The trend of new entropy A3 is exponentially increasing instead of the decreasing. The concluding remarks of the study is in favor of the new entropies. As new entropies produced the results same as old entropy measures. There are some important characteristics of the new entropies. In the hazard rate, denominator will have replaced another probability density function or distribution function, this will produce the comparison method of entropies. When the hazard rate replaced with the conditional probability density function, this is another comparison method for entropies. The derivation of new entropies is difficult if the hazard rate has complicated expression.