A Study of Pakistan’s Various Reform Policies Regarding Islamic Seminaries

ABSTRACT: Pakistan is an Islamic country based on Islamic ideology where society has an emotional attachment with religion, hence an expanded network of Dini Modaris [traditional institutions of Islamic learning] is prevailing in urban as well as in rural areas of the country; where the teaching- learning process remains continue in a traditional way. While on other hand, at the same time, modern education system is followed by government and non-government run institutions. These two different systems with different ideologies and pedagogical techniques have produced two different social classes with different world views about the way Pakistan should be managed. This situation of education system is worrying. In an Islamic welfare state, ideally speaking, serious efforts are required to be done in order to eliminate the gulf between the two systems entirely having antagonistic approaches. In such perspective, this paper is aimed to study the efforts and practical steps, taken for the reforms and development of Dini Modaris by various governments of Pakistan as per their policies.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation and Haematological Alteration in Cirrhinus Mrigala, Oreochromis Mossambicus and Sperata Serwari Species at Islam Barrage of Sutlej River

River Sutlej is the most polluted river at this point in South Asia. Noticeable quantity of metals is thrown into this water body. Among them, the notable pollutants are heavy metals. These heavy metals are accumulating in the different organs of fish and have adverse effects. The present work was attempted for assessing some heavy metals pollution in River Sutlej that also accumulates in the different organs of edible fishes captured at Islam Barrage. Sediments, water and fish samples were collected in both winter and summer seasons. The concentration of heavy metals including the Chromium, lead and iron, copper, nickel and cadmium were estimated through atomic absorption studies in all the water, sediments and organs of Cirrhinus mrigala, Oreochromis mossambicus and Sperata sarwari. Physico-chemical parameters of water were tested to check level of nitrates, dissolved gases and PH. Haemotological analysis and micronucleus tests were conducted for sampled fish. Data was analyzed statistically and represented as Mean? SD and compared through ANOVA using MSTAT computer packages. The results of physiochemical parameters revealed that the levels of all the parameters under observation in the summer season were found elevated but two factors dissolved oxygen and PH were found less in summer season than the winter season. Presence of heavy metals in sediments sampled in both summer and winter seasons showed that the concentrations of different metals in the winter seasons were slightly higher as compared to the summer season because in winter the link canals add less water in river and more pollutants are poured by different industries into the river. It was concluded that these heavy metals in the form of waste is added into this river from different factories present near kasur city of Pakistan.