قانون کے ساتھ بڑے لوگو ں کا کھلواڑ
مصنف نے ایسے طبقے کا ذکر کیا ہے جو ان لوگوں کو راضی رکھنا فرض سمجھتے ہیں جن سے ان کو کام رہتا ہے۔زیادہ تر گورنمنٹ کو راضی کرنے کے لیے گاؤں کے لوگوں کو نواب اور ذیلدار خود ہی اپنے طور طریقے سے سنبھال لیتے ہیں اور اس بات کی خبر بھی گورنمنٹ کو لگنے نہیں دیتے۔ اس طرح کچھ کو تو انصاف مل جاتا مگر زیادہ تر لوگ اپنی بات کو دل میں ہی دبا کر صبر کرلیتے ہیں۔ نواب اور ذیلدار بھی اپنی اپنی ذات میں اتنے مگن ہوتے ہیں کہ اپنے ماتحت کام کرنے والوں کے سپرد اپنی رعایا کردیتے ہیں۔ اس طرح غریب کی آواز گورنمنٹ تو کیا خود نواب تک بھی نہیں پہنچ پاتی۔ مصنف نے اس درد کو محسوس کیا کہ لوگ کس طرح اپنے حق کے لیے بھی آواز نہیں اٹھا پاتے اور اپنے حق سے دستبردار ہو جاتے ہیں۔معاشرے میں مختلف طبقات کا ہونا بھی ایک حقیقت ہے۔ یہ ایک بہت بڑی سچائی ہیکہ دنیا اختلاف رائے پر قائم ہے۔ہر کوئی مختلف ہے رنگ، نسل، زبان، عقائد، امیر، غریب، چھوٹا، بڑا، مختلف رنگ و نسل سے تعلق رکھنے والے مختلف قبائل کے لوگ ریگستانوں، دریاؤں، پہاڑوں،میدانوں کے باسی اور سب سے اہم مختلف نظریات اور گروہوں کی شکل میں مختلف سیاسی پارٹیوں اور مختلف قائدین سے وابستہ لوگ۔اس سب کے باوجود ان کو جو چیز آپس میں ایک رکھتی ہے وہ ہے ان کاآپس میں اعتمادو یقین، اداریاور ملکی حکومت اس چیز کی ضامن ہوتی ہے کہ رویے انصاف پر مبنی ہوں اور یہی انصاف پر مبنی رویے ہی مضبوط معاشرے کی بنیاد بنتے ہیں۔ مگر وہاں جہاں کوئی ایک گروہ سرکش ہو جاتا ہے تو وہ اپنی اجارہ داری کی صورت میں سارا نظام...
Foreign Exchange trading is when you buy and sell foreign currencies to generate profit. In our age of advance technology even the virtual or digital currencies have now emerged. This entire business however is mostly based upon speculation and prediction. Even the most skilled and experienced traders face difficulty in predicting movements in currencies. Further, the value of not well established currencies can fluctuate or its exchange rate value can change any time. In view of occupying central place in the economic systems down the ages, Muslim scholars have also vehemently discussed currency, its significanc and matters relating to it in transactions. The present article reviews trading of foreign currencies from Islamic perspective in a situation when no cash is involved in the transaction. The article concludes that as the currencies in such transactions are different commodities, therefore their trade is legal.
This dissertation examines the representation of the female hero in the American television drama series which at a cursory glance seems to be informed by the enlightened discourse of feminism. The study looks into the notion of the female hero through a feminist lens in order to determine what ways of objectification, or treating women as objects, are at work in the depiction of the female hero in American television drama series. The objectives of the study were to determine the extent to which the female hero is objectified in American television drama series and expose ideological biases in terms of instrumentality, autonomy, agency, violability and subjectivity that exists in the representation of the female heroes in television drama series. For the purpose of the study of objectification of the female hero three drama series were selected: Grey’s Anatomy, Castle and The Good Wife. Martha Nussbaum’s theory of objectification delineating seven notions of objectification, namely: instrumentality, denial of autonomy, violability, inertness, denial of subjectivity, fungibility and ownership formed the theoretical framework of the study. Horace Newcomb and Paul M. Hirsch’s textual critical approach was used to study and interpret the dominant messages embedded in the pleasant disguise of fictional entertainment. A detailed analysis of the three notions of objectification: instrumentality, denial of autonomy and ownership (Chapter IV) shows that despite being given the role of the hero around whom the action of the drama series revolves, the female heroes, Meredith, Beckett and Alicia are undermined in various ways through objectification. Members of their family, male or female co-workers objectify them and deny them autonomy and claim ownership of them. The needs, interests and experiences of these female heroes are subordinated to those of the powerful, who are authority figures predominantly men and in some instances women as well, either in the family or the workplace. The female hero’s treatment as violable and her lack of autonomy (Chapter V) shows that she is not granted powers expected in the figure of a hero. Authority figures and men who control the female heroes’ lives fail to acknowledge that these women are owners of their own lives and have the right to self-determination and action. There is little awareness and resistance on the part of the women heroes as they sacrifice their individuality and independence and submit to the authority of men considering it beneficial to them. The analysis of the female heroes reveals that despite being given the role of heroes their agency is limited. They are not fully autonomous and are inert as someone else manages the decisions about their life and career. This inertness mars their status as heroes who are not fully active agents. It is a subversive strategy used in patriarchal societies to control tough women which reveals that women are only allowed to show power within certain parameters which do not threaten male dominance.