4۔قتل بسبب
جو کوئی شخص کسی کو ہلاک کرنے یا نقصان پہنچانے کی نیت کے بغیر کوئی ایسا غیر قانونی فعل کرے جو کسی دوسرے شخص کی ہلاکت کا سبب بن جائے تو وہ قتل بسبب کا مرتکب کہلائے گا۔ 208
خلاصہ کلام انسانی جسم پر کسی زیادتی کی صور ت میں قصاص و دیت کے قوانین جاری ہوتے ہیں ۔ انسانی جسم پر زیادتی کا بدلہ لینا اس شخص کا حق ہے جس کے ساتھ زیادتی ہوئی ہے۔ متضر ر کی موت کی صور ت میں ورثاء کا بدلہ لینا حق ہے۔ مدعی قصاص و دیت کی صورت میں مجرم کو معاف بھی کرسکتا ہے، اس لیے اسے حق العبد کہا جاتا ہے۔ قصاص کے جرائم دو طرح کے ہیں : ایک عمداً قتل کرنا اور دوسرا عمداً زخمی کرنا ۔ ان دونوں کے بدلے میں جو سزا بطور قتل یا اس کے علاوہ جسمانی طور پر دی جائے ، وہ قصاص کہلاتی ہے ۔ دیت کے جرائم میں قتل عمد سے مشابہ ، قتل خطاء اور ان زخموں کا مالی تاوان ہے جن کا بعینہ مجرم کو لگانا ممکن نہ ہو، شامل ہیں ۔ اسی طرح قصاص کے متضرر کی طرف سے دیت کا مطالبہ ہو تو اس کی بھی دیت ہے۔ قتل کی اقسام مالکی ، حنفی، شافعی اور حنبلی مذہب میں مختلف ہیں لیکن قتل عمد اور قتل خطا ء ہر فقہی مسلک میں مشترک ہیں ۔ قتل عمد میں قصاص ہے اور قتل خطاء میں دیت ہے جو کہ سو اونٹ ہیں ۔ اس کے علاوہ سونے او رچاندی کے ذریعے بھی دیت ادا کی جاسکتی ہےیا ان کی قیمت کو معیا ر بنایا جا سکتا ہے ۔ قتل کے علاوہ انسانی جسم کو جو زخم لگایا جائے تو اس کا بھی قصاص ہے ۔ فقہائے کرام نے ایسے زخموں کو مندرجہ...
Human Rights and Rights of Miorites areattractive slogans in the global canvas. In the history of human beings many religions, their leaders, empires, and institutions claimed that they provided many human rights to the citizens of their countries, but the truth is that they failed to provide a complete code of rights to their minorities. In this regard the Treaties of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) are a road line for all the Human beings, giving the fundamental rights, specially to non- MuslimMinoritess in the first Muslim state of Madinah. It has been highlighted in the Medina pact, contract with the Christian, people of Najran, letter of protection (Amman Nammah) for the people of Yamman, Maqna, Honain, Khaibar, Eilah, Ummay Hani, contract with Majoos, providing and sending them “ Letter of protection” to the people of Hajjar(Bihrin). There are many sayings in the books of Siah sittah and others giving the rights to the non-Muslim Minorities. This Paper ends by giving main principles of human right and providing some suggestions to solving the non-Muslims issues in mslim state in the light of treaties of the Holy Prophet ( Peace Be Upon Him).
Assessment is one of the very important and essential domains of education to determine students' learning attainment. Authenticity and effectiveness of education system cannot be determined without reliable and valid assessment. There have been different types of assessments used for different levels and fields in education. In the present time, Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs) based assessment has emerged as leading and the most acceptable ways of assessing students' learning in most part of the world. This dissertation explores the readiness level of teachers in introducing SLOs-based assessment in grade V board level examination in Gilgit-Baltistan, Gilgit region, through quantitative research method. Teachers' views about SLOs-based assessment, perceptions about the successful implementation of SLOs-based assessment, various challenges that would teachers face and professional training needs of teachers, if SLOs-based assessment is being introduced in grade V board level examination discussed in various themes. A newly developed and validated survey questionnaire ISLOBA, based on five-point Likert scale was used for data collection. 1 80 male and female participants were selected through multi grade stratified sampling procedures. The validated questionnaire was distributed among the participants in district Ghizer for data collection. Further, the data were tabulated, analysed and interpreted category wise and findings were made employing descriptive statistics. The study concludes that majority of the respondents were not satisfied with the current traditional way of board examination system of class V. In contrast, large number of respondents considered SLOs-based assessment as an important way of assessing child's personal, social development as well deeper understanding, and critical thinking skills. Some teacher were feeling themselves equipped, while equally same number of teachers stated that they need professional trainings before introducing new examination system. Majority of respondents were of the view that, if SLOs-based assessment is introduced it would reduce the chances of text cramming and rote memorization among students. It was also stated that implementation of the SLOs-based assessment mainly depends very much on the school level leadership and a reform of the existing examination system. Hence, Outcome Based Assessment plays an important role in enhancing students' motivation and autonomy in their learning. Based on the findings, this paper discusses some of the suggested processes to be included in the implementation of SLOs-based assessment and the issues to be considered in the actual implementation.