Benazir Bhutto and the Challenge and Response Theory

This study estimates the leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto, first female Prime Minister of Pakistan and the Islamic world. The life history of Benazir Bhutto also falls under the category of charismatic leadership as she displayed exceptional leadership qualities in the face of different personal and political challenges. Much has been written on the life, personality and political career of Benazir Bhutto but very few have made academic and in depth study of leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto which were predominant and striking features of her political leadership during her second tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Therefore, this article navigates on diverse Socio-economic, Political and Geo-strategic challenges and responses of Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Further, it encapsulates her relationship with military, dwindling state of economy, revengeful role of opposition and various contradictions with President created a grave challenge not only for poor governance but also for the longevity of her premiership tenure. It was not smooth sailing for her as Prime Minister; however, it was a hard journey full of myriad challenges, inherited dwindling economy, overdeveloped state structure, strife torn society, volatile geo-political situation, regional disparities, vindictive politics of opposition and imbalance of power between Prime Minister and President required stupendous efforts from Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister. Further, this study presents a systematic and factual analysis of the socio-economic challenges and the arbitrary use of the Presidential power (58) (2B). Furthermore, theory of challenge and response has also been applied to have a better understanding of Benazir Bhutto’s leadership qualities and administrative abilities. It also throws light on the circumstances that led towards her ouster from premiership. Besides, this study attempts to find what were the diverse challenges faced by Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister (1993-96)? How did she respond to various challenges as Prime Minister?

Morphometric Relationships and Proximate Composition of Flying Barb, Esomus Danrica from Mailsi Head Syphon, District Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan

The field of fisheries study has employed many tools such as morphometric and proximate analysis to differentiate fish population and fish composition. Morphometrics could be referring as a more or less interwoven set of largely statistical procedures for analyzing variability in size and shape of organs and organisms. Morphometric differences among stocks of a species are recognizing as important for evaluating the population structure and as a basis for identifying stocks. Proximate body composition of a fish provides percentages of various body contents i.e. water, fat, ash, protein in the body. It also illustrates the health and physiological condition. Esomus danrica is an admired for food fish in a small indigenous fish species. Regression has been applyed as a statistical tool to assess the effect of body size and condition on proximate composition of E. danrica. The mean ? standard deviation of total length = 6.86 ? 0.89 with ranges = 5.30 to 8.70 and Wet body weight = 2.94 ? 1.35 with ranges = 1.38 to 6.15 were estimated in morphometric parameters. Similarly, the mean ? standard deviation of total length (cm) = 6.87 ? 0.9075992 with ranges 5.60 ? 8.70 and Body weight (g) 3.04 ? 1.3871268 with ranges = 1.68 ? 6.15 were calculated in proximate body. The relationships between %water and various body constituents in wet body weight showed ash = 3%, fat = 5%, protein= 18% and water = 73%. The relationships between various body constituents in dry body weight estimated that ash = 12%, fat = 20% and protein = 68%.It concluded that to future prospects it is very important through nutritional value because it has large amount of protein. This study has been very helpful for ichthyologists, taxonomists and nutrition experts to know the nutritional value of small size fish. Additionally, the first reference for proximate body composition for Esomus danrica has been provided.