Six Lectures, on the Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
یہ اقبال کے سات خطبات کا مجموعہ ہے۔ تین خطبے اقبال نے مدراس میں دیے، تین علی
گڑھ میں دیے اور ایک لندن میں دیا۔ سید نذیر نیازی نے اس کا اردو ترجمہ کیا جو ء 1958 ء میں بزم اقبال لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔ اس سے پہلے لاہور اور لندن سے انگریزی میں یہ خطبات شائع ہو چکے تھے۔ پاکستان اور ہندوستان میں اردو زبان میں ان خطبات کے کئی تراجم ہو چکے ہیں۔ ان خطبات پر ہر دور میں تحقیقی وتخلیقی کام ہوتا رہا ہے۔ اب بھی ان پر بحث جاری ہے۔ خطبات کے دیباچے کو بہت اہمیت حاصل ہے جس میں اقبال نے کہا ہے کہ:
”فلسفیانہ غور وفکر میں قطعیت کوئی چیز نہیں۔ جیسے جیسے جہاں علم میں ہمارا قدم
آگے بڑھتا ہے اور فکر کے لیے نئے نئے راستے کھل جاتے ہیں، کتنے ہی اور ،
اور شاید ان نظریوں سے جو ان خطبات میں پیش کیے گئے ہیں، زیادہ بہتر
نظریے ہمارے سامنے آتے جائیں گے۔ ہمارا فرض بہر حال یہ ہے کہ فکر انسانی
کے نشود نما پر بہ ا حتیاط نظر رکھیں اور اس باب میں آزادی کے ساتھ نقد و تنقید
سے کام لیتے رہیں “ (16)
اس طرح خطبات پر تحقیق و تنقید بھی ہوئی مگر اس سے نئے موضوعات بھی سامنے آئے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے اقبال کے علمی افکار اور فکری مباحث کی تفہیم کے لیے اس کتاب کے مطالعہ کو اہم قرار دیا ہے۔
Introduction: Student satisfaction, academic performance, and learning effectiveness have all been related to the educational environmental perceptions in medical institutes. Students' opinions of their educational environment might help medical schools discover impediments and opportunities to improve student learning. Objective: To evaluate student perception related to current traditional and integrated learning methodologies in the Gomal Medical College Dera Ismail Khan. Methods: The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire was provided to students of Gomal Medical College Dera Ismail Khan after approval from the institute. One hundred and sixty-one students out of 190 returned the questionnaire. The data was analyzed with SPSS 27.0. All questions were evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale. Results: The mean age of the students was 21.34±1.73 years. There were 89 (55.34%) males and 72 (42.66%) female students. The mean DREEM score among the students was 116.15±3.73. The highest score among the students was 153 and the lowest score was 42. The scores were higher among males than females. Conclusion: The students were more positive and self-assured. Students had a more positive attitude toward teachers, the learning environment, and the atmosphere. However, they were lacking in social perceptionrequiring attention. KEYWORDS: Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure, educational environment, medical institutes, perception
The densities, viscosities and relative viscosities of solutions of several univalent electrolytes Lithium bromide (LiBr), Sodium bromide (NaBr), Potassium bromide (KBr), Rubidium bromide (RbBr) Cesium bromide (CsBr) and reference salts tetra butyl ammonium tetra phenyl borate (BU4NBPh4 ), tetra butyl ammonium bromide (BU4NBr) and potassium chloride (KCl) were measured over the entire range of concentration at 25 oC to 45oC in pure DMSO, pure water and DMSO- H2O binary mixtures. Data was analysed by Jones-Dole equation to determine ion –ion interactions (the A- coefficients), ion- solvent interaction, (the B- coefficients) for alkali metal bromides in pure DMSO, pure water and DMSO- H2O binary mixtures. The values of A- coefficients were small and almost positive in all the cases. The values of B- coefficients were large and almost positive of all the salts in DMSO and DMSO- H2O mixtures, which showed the structure making abilities of the salts in DMSO- H2O mixtures at all the five temperatures. The values of viscosity B- coefficients were found negative for KBr, RbBr and CsBr in pure water at all the five temperatures, which showed the structure breaking abilities of the salts while the values of viscosity B- coefficients of LiBr and NaBr in water at all the five temperatures were found positive and behave as structure makers. iv The viscosity B- coefficient data was further splitted into ionic B- coefficient for non-aqueous solvents by using Gill and Sharma’s convention and Gurney’s convention into ionic B- coefficients for aqueous solvent systems. From ionic B- coefficient data it was observed that in pure DMSO all the alkali metals have strong structure making abilities. It was also observed that these structure making abilities were decreased with the increase in ionic radii or temperature. While in aqueous solvents (DMSO- H2O) mixtures the structure forming capabilities were weakened and structure breaking abilities were appeared at all temperatures. In pure water except Li+ and Na+ all the ions showed the structure breaking properties, which increased with the increase in temperature. The data obtained during this study was found in good agreement with those values which were already available in literature. The Transition state parameters such as free energies and energies of activation for viscous flow have been calculated for the whole solvent system. From the present study it is concluded that the energy of activation of viscous flow is influenced by the concentration and the size of the solute particles. So the energy of activation of viscous flow for CsBr is greater than for RbBr, KBr, NaBr and LiBr in DMSO and DMSO-H2O mixtures. It is also observed that the energy of activation of viscous flow are greater for alkali metal bromides in water than in DMSO due to the presence of a network of hydrogen bonds in water. For the free energy of activation for viscous flow, it is observed that the free energy of activation for viscous flow increases with temperature.