الارھاب: اسبابه و علاجه السلام اساس الاسلام

Terrorism is such a dangerous disease that has destroyed peace of many nations of the world. Terrorism, in all its forms, is condemnable. The author of this paper tried to encompass all the important factors and causes, which generate and consolidate terrorism in its different forms. This paper presents various causes of the phenomenon of terrorism, which include the material causes, the psychological causes, the behavioral causes, the political causes, the social causes, the economic causes and the ideological causes. The last segment of this dissertation discusses the remedies of the problem of terrorism. The necessary measures and suggestions have been suggested by the author to control the monster of terrorism. These includes to promote a moderate religious approach through education and preaching; to remove the misconception of the west against Islām; to refine our education and teaching methods by including relevant psychology and morality; our youth needs to use their energy in the social welfare activities to save them from becoming a victim of extremists and terrorists for having no purpose of life and for being idle; the Muslim rulers need to get close to their masses and remove alienation; a confident, unanimous condemnation from the responsible circles of the society should be promulgated; the youth must not rebel against their rulers and must not indulge in the matters of excommunication.

Stock Market Co-Movements and Their Determinants Between Emerging Economies.

This study has been conducted to examine the determinants of stock market co movement between Pakistan and emerging economies for the period 2001 to 2014. The results of Johansen and Juselius cointegration tests reveal that there is long term integration between the stock market of Pakistan and the stock markets of Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Israel, Korea, Malaysia, Morocco, Poland, Thailand and Turkey. This study investigates the determinants of stock market co-movement between Pakistan and emerging stock markets where cointegration is found. Results of the panel data reveal that there are four significant underlying forces of integration between Pakistan and emerging stock markets. These are GDP growth rate differential, inflation rate differential, world market volatility and quarter effect. This study also reports the driving forces of co-movement between Pakistan and each emerging market where the co-integration is found. It has been found that no similarity is found in the determinants of integration between Pakistan and each emerging stock market. This study also reports the determinants of stock market co-movement between Pakistan and emerging markets before crisis (2004 Q1 – 2007 Q3), during the crisis (2007 Q4 – 2009 Q4) and after the crisis period (2010 Q1 – 2014 Q4). It has been found that the determinants of integration between Pakistan and emerging markets vary before, during and after the crisis indicating that such determinants are crisis contingent variables. This study contributes to the literature of stock-market integration by exploring fundamental determinants between Pakistan and emerging economies. The findings of this study have significant implications for policy makers in Pakistan while designing the strategies for macroeconomic harmonization and stability of the country’s economy against financial shocks.