Ijtihad As a Legislative Function: Role of Ijtihad, Ifta and Taqleed in Legislative Process

In Islamic legislation Ijtihad plays an important role and has central position in the whole process. Demands of life change day by day thus it become necessary to take on the structural review of Islamic laws keeping in mind the spirit and discipline of Islamic. Ijtihad thus play as a perfect tool for legislation. Regarding fatawas the jurists followed the methodologies of companions, tabieen, and taba Tabaeen. In cases in which they did not find any legal opinion of their teachers related to a specific problem they themselves tried to find out the solution for that problem from the relevant Texts and formulate their own fatawa. In Pakistan the Judiciary that performs the task of interpretation for law-making, Majlis-e-Shura and various Ulama are exercising the job of Ifta. The Council of Islamic Ideology is the official legislative body of fatawa. Taqleed is also an acceptable mode of legislation whose proofs are evident from Quran and Sunnah. It has been used as a source of legislation in Pakistan as well. In constitution of Pakistan article 189 and 201 are related to Taqlid. Article 189 and 201 makes the decisions of Supreme Court binding on all courts and the High court judgments binding on all subordinate courts. Thus the legislative process in Islam employs the methods of Ijtihad, Ifta and Taqlid as a perfect tool of legislation.

Exploring the Attitude of the Head and Deputy Head Teachers from the Governments Schools of Sindh and Balochistan Toward Using Computers in Education

Attitudes play a very significant role in acceptance of any idea or innovation. Prior research studies have established the significance of computers and the attitude of head teachers which can either be a hindering factor or a facilitator for computer integration in education. To explore the attitudes of the head teachers in the Pakistani context, this study was conceptualised. The major aim of the study was to determine the attitudes of head teachers from Sindh and Balochistan towards the use of computers in education, while the subsidiary aim was to explore the relationship between demographic characteristics of the participants and their attitude towards the use of computers in education. A survey questionnaire was adopted from Pelgrum and Plump (1993) to gather data. Through this tool, a sample of 185 head teachers was assessed for their computer attitudes with four factors; perceived educational impact, perceived social impact, training needs and self-confidence. The sample was drawn from the participants of the Educational Leadership and Management (ELM) course, offered as part of the Ed-Links project. The participants comprised a mix of rural and urban areas of Sindh and Balochistan. The results show that the participants' perceived attitude towards computers in education is positive. On individual sub-scales, participants' perceived social impact of computers and their self-confidence is found to be lower than the educational and training needs. Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between the head teachers' attitude towards computers in education and the use of computers and prior training. ln sub-scales model, prior training contributes to the training needs' model while use of computer, contributed to the self-confidence model. The study has highlighted the importance of providing computers to the head teachers in their offices and need for offering relevant training programmes for the head teachers and deputy heads from Sindh and Balochistan. A1so, further research is needed to understand the relationship between attitudes towards computers and its actual use in schools.