حالت امن کے قواعد کلیہ: فقہائے کرام کی آراء کی روشنی میں

The value of Shari’ah Maxims is realized all over the world. These maxims keep a superlative significance over all legal maxims as their sources are based on Qur’ān and Sunnah that is the real source of islamic law. Shari’ah Maxims such a important subject of islamic law that simplifies the interpretation of shari’ah. If the Shari’ah Maxims are inculcated and conceived properly then there is no need to burn midnight oil in learning the large number of sub-titles of Shari’ah. The fiqh defines the Shari’ah Maxims as the principles organized. This article explores the Four important Shari’ah Maxims relating to peace  and ethics of a muslim state towards its non-muslim residants. It includes the meanings, arguments and real life examples about these maxims. These maxims are: (الذمی من اھل دارنا کالمسلم)Zimmies are considered equalent to the muslims of state.(الامر بیننا وبین الکفار مبنی علی المجازاۃ)The relations between muslims and non-muslims countries are based on equality.(ان حرمۃ قتل المستامن من حق اللہ تعالی)Those who have the entry into the muslim state with permit and peaceful intention, must be protected and neither be killed nor be harmed.(عبارۃ الرسول کعبارۃ المرسل)Any ambassador of the state will be considered the real representative of the sender who can completely deal all the things on behalf of his sender. Today it’s the dire need of the time to implement these Shari’ah Maxims generaly for the humanity and especially for Muslims Countries to solve the critical issues, because today the world needs peace the most as it was needed never before.

Detection and Phylogeny of Fowl Adenovirus Associatedwith Hydropericardium Hepatitissyndrome in Broilers

Poultry diseases are causing serious losses to poultry farmers all over the world.Outbreaks of Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) are continuously increasing despite vaccination in commercial broilers. Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) associated with HPS severely affect production of meat and eggs as well as could also lead to secondary bacterial infections. The species and the serotype of FAdVs circulating in Chakwal broiler flocks are not known at present. Keeping in mind above mentioned scenario, we designed this study. The main objective of this study was recognition and characterization of FAdVs.Keeping these aspects in mind, liver tissue samples were collected from poultry flocks in Chakwal district of Pakistan (period March 2018 to October 2018). The FAdVs status was investigated using a conventional PCR assay that can detect the 12 serotypes of FAdVs. The FAdVs were detected in 8 samples from different flocks. FAdVs were genetically characterized by sequencing hexon gene. According to phylogenetic analysis, 5 FAdV strains were grouped into two unique species. Three strains were grouped to the FAdV-C species (FAdV-4) and showed close proximity at the nucleotide level. The other two strains were grouped to the FAdV-E species (FAdV-11).Furthermore, the sequencing analysis of detected field strains revealed the high similarity and close clustering with FAdV-4 and FAdV-11 strains isolated from India, Pakistan, and China, suggesting geographic and temporal relationships among these strains. This evidence emphasize the need of further detailed and more systemic approaches to evaluate FAdVs diffusion and characterizationto design effective control strategies.