سر آرتھر کونل ڈائل کی وفات
دو ماہ کی علالت کے بعد سر آرتھر کونل ڈائل نے ۷؍ جولائی ۱۹۳۰ء کو قلب کی بیماری میں انتقال کیا، شرلاک ہومس کے افسانوں کی وجہ سے ان کو جو عالمگیر شہرت حاصل ہوئی وہ محتاج بیان نہیں، آخری عمر میں انھیں روحوں کے ساتھ غایت درجہ کا اعتقاد ہوگیا تھا، وہ اسے ایک قسم کا مذہب خیال کرتے تھے، جس کی اہمیت ان کے نزدیک لٹریچر، فنون، لطفیہ، سیاسیات بلکہ دنیا کی ہر چیز سے زیادہ تھی اور انھیں اس بات سے تکلیف ہوتی تھی کہ لوگ ان کو شرلاک ہومس کے مصنف کے نام سے یاد کرتے ہیں۔ سر آرتھر کو بچپن ہی سے تصنیف کا شوق تھا، پہلی کتاب انھوں نے چھ سال کی عمر میں لکھی اور مدرسہ کے ابتدائی ساتھیوں میں بحیثیت افسانہ گو کے شہرت حاصل کی، بعد میں انھوں نے طب پڑھی اور کئی سال تک مطب کرتے رہے، مصنفوں کے زمرہ میں ان کا شمار اس وقت ہوا جب ۱۸۸۸ء میں انھوں نے ’’مائکا کلارک‘‘ لکھی، گزشتہ جنگ عظیم میں ان کا بڑا لڑکا مارا گیا اور اسی حادثے نے آخر عمر میں انھیں عالم ارواح کا دلدادہ بنادیا۔ (’’م ۔ ع‘‘، اکتوبر ۱۹۳۰ء)
Islam is a comprehensive code of conduct which encompasses to each sphere of human life. This also owns and endorses those manmade rules which serve the cause of humanity and not entering to its fundamentals. Adherence to Pakistani Traffic rules also falls under the preview of the same doctrine. It is very pertinent to note here, that the same traffic rules such as fastening of seat built, proper use of indicators, speed control etc. Have been devised to ensure the safety which starts from a pedestrian and ends up to a rider of any vehicle class. Any violation of traffic rules is an indirect breech of divine discipline imposed by Allah the Almighty. If the violation costs any damage, injury or fatal accident, this will directly be dealt under the principles set by Islam. This study aims at highlighting the significance of adherence to traffic rules which is directly linked to the ground safety. This ultimately serves the main purpose of saving any precious human life. If the same is ensured, no doubt the purpose of the holy verse would be fulfilled
Chlorpyrifos (ChF) is widely used in agricultural fields and indoor for controlling pests. It sinks in the aquatic sediments and pose toxicity for aquatic organisms including fish. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the oxidative stress enzymes, and histological alterations in the liver, spleen, and heart of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) due to ChF exposure. Median lethal concentration (LC50 24 H) was calculated as 52.78 ?g/l by exposing fish with different acute concentrations (0, 1, 15, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 100 and 150 ?g/l) of ChF. For assessment of sublethal toxicity of ChF, the fish were divided into four groups, one group served as control (C) while three groups (ChF1, ChF2, ChF3,) were exposed to three sublethal doses of ChF. ChF1 group was treated with 3.51 ?g/l (1/15th of LC50) of ChF whereas, ChF2 and ChF3 groups were treated with 5.27 ?g/l (1/10th of LC50) and 10.55 ?g/l (1/5th of LC50) of ChF respectively for 14 days and oxidative stress enzymes, biochemical parameters, behavioral changes and histological alterations were evaluated. It was found that level of Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly (p=0.05) in the gills and liver of tilapia treated with sublethal concentrations of ChF. Study of morphological features exposed that fish in the control groupshowed significantly increase in weight and length (p=0.05) as compared to ChF treated fish. The behavioral changes as reduced feeding rate, eratic swimming, increased surface gulping, aggregation in the corner of tank, hemorrhage, and darkening of skin coloration was observed in all ChF treated groups. The significant elevation in level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was observed in all groups treated with different sublethal concentrations of ChF. Histological study of liver tissues shown increased number of kupffer cells, hydropic degeneration, dilated sinusoids, congestion, necrosis, and hemorrhage in liver of fish from all treatment groups. In the spleen of fish exposed to ChF increased number of melanomacrophage centres (MMCs), necrosis, congestion, and hemorrhage was detected. Disorganized muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fiber degeneration, coagulative necrosis, congestion in blood vessel and necrosis was perceived in the heart of ChF treated fish. This study concluded that sublethal concentrations of ChF can induce oxidative stress and histological alterations in the tissues of tilapia.