8. Al-Anfal/The Spoils of War
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
08:01
O The Prophet!
They ask you about the spoils of war to whom do they belong?
Tell them:
‘The spoils of war belong to Allah and The Messenger Muhammad.
So be mindful of Allah in reverence, awe, and piety, and
in case of disputes resolve them amicably and maintain good relations among yourselves.
And obey Allah and HIS Messenger, if you are true believers.’
08:02
Indeed, the true believers are those whose hearts fill up with awe whenever they are
reminded of Allah,
and whose faith is further strengthened whenever HIS Messages are recited out to them,
and who put their trust in their Rabb - The Lord to take care of their affairs.
08:03
It is they who establish the Salat/Prayers,
and spend in the Cause of Allah of what WE provide for them.
08:04
It is they – they are the true believers.
For them are high ranks of honor and dignity with their Rabb - The Lord,
as well as forgiveness of sinful trespasses, and
generous provisions in Paradise.
08:05
A similar situation of dispute arose when your Rabb - The Lord caused you to leave your home to fight for the Cause of Truth,
although a group of the believers were, in fact, unwilling to do it,
08:06
…. arguing with you about the truth even after it had become quite clear
as if they were being driven to their own death with their eyes wide open.
08:07
And remember even when Allah was promising you that one of the two enemy groups will be yours,
although...
Laws of inheritance and succession exist since time immemorial in every human society. The estate of the deceased person is distributed amongst his/her legal heirs according to the laws of inheritance. Based on religions i.e. Islam and Hinduism-two different societies exist in the Indo-Pak sub-continent, having different frames of rules regarding socio-religious life. Coupled with a long history of closeness and co-existence, have deep religio-moral and socio-cultural diffusions and infusions with one another. The same impact permeates the laws of inheritance as well. This paper is an analysis of this permeation by focusing on the points of comparison and contrast in the light of the Holy Qur’ān, Sunn’ah and the sacred books of Hindūism.
This study was carried out by considering the importance of proper storage and composting of poultry litter (PL) for its nutrient conservation and stability. In the first experiment, five storage methods were compared for their effects on nutrient dynamics and microbial diversity in PL under composting and un- composting conditions. Storage methods included: shed, covered (plastic sheet), open-air, pit, and lined floor. The pile / pit size was 2 m × 2 m × 1 m (L × W × H or D), and the quantity of poultry litter in each one was 500 kg. Composite PL samples were collected after an interval of 15 days until 90 days for the determination of organic C, macro- (N, P and K) and micro-nutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) contents and microbial population counts. Data recorded during storage and/or composting were statistically analyzed through three-way ANOVA including time, storage methods and composting conditions as variables. There was significant successive reduction of organic C contents / C:N ratio and improvement in macro- and micro-nutrient concentration in the processed PL with increased storage time both under composting and un-composting conditions. Composting proved statistically superior to un-composting for all the parameters tested. Among the storage methods, PL composted under plastic cover resulted in the highest nutrient contents and the lowest C:N ratio; while shed storage without composting gave the poorest results. Composting under covered storage method gave significantly higher Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn contents (487, 277, 778 and 331 μg g- 1 , respectively) compared to that with other methods. Microbial populations in the PL under various treatments also varied significantly during the study period. The highest count of bacteria (8.36×108) was under composting at 60 days, while PL filled in pits showed the highest number (8.42×108). Actinomycetes population was highest (8.02×106) at 75 days of composting, and pit storage method gave the maximum count (8.85×106). The highest population of fungi (7.06×104) was found at 45 days of composting and in pit storage method (7.83×104). In the second experiment, composted and un-composted poultry litter obtained from Experiment-I were evaluated for their effects on soil fertility and wheat production in the field by employing split plot design with three replications. Composted PL resulted in significantly higher contents of soil organic matter and NPK at crop harvesting stage; further, these components were higher with the PL stored under covered or pit storage method. Wheat grain yield was also greater under composted PL treatments, while PL from pit and lined-floor storage gave statistically higher yield than from other methods. Open-air stockpiling performed the lowest in statistical terms. It is concluded that composting of poultry litter under plastic sheet cover provides the best storage conditions to conserve nutrient elements. Further, composting conditions favor the microbial activities to degrade the organic wastes faster, and their population is further enhanced under moisture-rich condition in the pits. Storage of poultry litter without providing the composting conditions in any of the storage methods delays its decomposition and stabilization. Similarly, the composted poultry litter has better fertilizer value than the un-composted one, as its application improves the soil characteristics and crop yields considerably.