A Comparative Study of Dawn and Jang with Special Regard to Agenda Setting Theory of Press: Ten Years before and after 9/11

The relationship between Pakistan and America has always been a focus of the media of both countries as well as the international media. Even a slight shift in the policies of these two countries for each other is capable of making newspaper headlines and attracting maximum attention of the press of both countries. This study is a comparative analysis of the editorial pages of daily Dawn (English) and daily Jang (Urdu) to explore the agenda setting role of two of Pakistan’s oldest and most credible newspapers, vis-à-vis the Pakistan-US relationship. The research takes into consideration a total of 20 years of Pakistan-US relations by dividing the period into two groups which are ten years before the incident of 9/11 and ten years after 9/11. This understudied period is specifically important because the relations between Pakistan and America during these phases have vacillated between periods of engagements, wherein Pakistan enjoyed the status of the most favoured ally without compromising its regional interest, and the periods of disengagements wherein Pakistan faced sanctions from the US and was left alone to deal with the aftermath of the Afghan war and the War on Terrorism. Hence, this study obtains interesting insights about how the two Pakistani newspapers which represent the Urdu and the English press of Pakistan highlighted the agenda-setting role of the press through the coverage of the issues between Pakistan and US on their editorial pages.

Biodesulfurization of Fossil Fuels by Organic Sulfur Metabolizing Bacteria

Studies were aimed at developing a microbial process for removal of organic sulfur from fossil fuels using model organic sulfur containing compound like dibenzothiophene (DBT), which is believed to be found abundantly in structural matric of fossil fuels. For microbial isolation, different types of soil, sea sand, water, coal and oil sludge samples were collected from various locations. From these samples, 110 bacterial isolates of varying characteristics were screened for their dibenzothiophene (DBT) desulfurizing activity. Only isolate Eu-32, isolated from a soil sample taken from the roots of a Eucalyptus tree, displayed DBT desulfurizing activity. The Eu-32 isolate metabolised DBT to 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP), as detected by HPLC, and was also able to use other organic sulfur compounds as a sole sulfur source. Based on morphological, biochemical and molecular studies, it was found that this organism belonged to the genus Rhodococcus; with a maximum 95% identity to species in this genus for the partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. The structure and molecular mass of metabolites produced from DBT desulfurization were identified by GC-MS, indicating that this isolate followed 4S (sulfoxide-sulfone-sulfinate-sulfate) pathway for sulfur metabolism. However, a novel metabolite identified as biphenyl was also found as end product via a new proposed pathway in this study. The newly isolated Rhodococcus spp. (Eu-32) was used for biodesulfurization of fossil fuels i.e. coal and diesel oil. Shake flask studies were optimized for pH, pulp density, agitation speed and particle size using representative coal sample from Dukki, Baluchistan. The maximum desulfurization of 40% was achieved using coal particle size of 850μm with 10% pulp density, 30oC temperature, pH 7.0 at 180rpm in 15 days. For Dandot coal sample the total and organic sulfur contents were decreased by 32% and 40% respectively when compared to untreated coal under similar conditions. Moreover, the carbon contents and the calorific value (CV) of the biotreated coal were increased by 2.9% and 0.19% respectively. Similarly, biotreatment enhanced hydrogen and nitrogen contents of the coal as 3.9% and 9.9% respectively. Biodesulfurization of coal in 1L locally fabricated fermentor under controlled conditions resulted in a total of 15% decrease of total sulfur in 21 days. ix PhD thesis Nasrin Akhtar The Rhodococcus spp. (Eu-32) did not indicate considerable reduction of sulfur contents in case of experiments on diesel oil. In shake flask studies, only 6% decrease in total sulfur was observed. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis of biodesulfurized diesel oil revealed that transmittance intensity of the sulphones, sulfonates, sulfates and sulfonic acids were slightly increased in the spectra of the biotreated oil sample validating a slight reduction of these molecules in the diesel oil. For the isolation and identification of C-S bond cleaving genes (dszABC genes) of Rhodococcus spp. (Eu-32), two types of primers (non-degenerate and degenerate) were used. Specificity of the PCR primers and sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction were checked using a culture of Rhodococcus erythropolis IGTS8 as a positive control for these genes (gift from Dr. John Kilbane, USA). The dszA gene (494bp) of isolate Eu-32 showed that the most closely related sequence was from Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4 with 92% sequence identity to a putative FMNH-2 dependent monooxygenase. The dszB gene showed sequence homology with genome sequences of Rhodococcus species conferring different genes, while the dszC gene sequence (774bp) showed 100% homology with desulfurizing enzyme of Rhodococcus species. It was concluded that isolate Eu-32 is a unique and novel organic sulfur utilizing biocatalyst that desulfurized DBT through an extended sulfur-specific degradation pathway with the selective cleavage of C-S bonds. The genome components required for biodesulfurization activity are functional even present in highly divergent form as compared to desulfurizing genes, which have been documented by other workers. The newly isolated organic sulfur removal bacterium Rhodococcus spp. (Eu-32) could be effectively used for the removal of organic sulfur from fossil fuels, particularly from coal.