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Fuzzy hybrid approach towards analysis of user requirements documentation techniques

Thesis Info

Author

Khyan,Shandana Bashir

Department

Department of Software Engineering

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

x,51

Subject

Software Engineering

Language

English

Other

BS 004.19 KHF

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676723947668

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استعارات

شاعری میں استعارہ کی بہت اہمیت ہے ۔استعارہ کو شعر کی جان تصور کیا جاتا ہے۔ استعارہ کو شاعر اپنے تخیل سے جنم دیتا ہے۔ شاعراپنی پر چھائیوں کو جسم اور محسوسات کو زبان دے کر تخیل کی مدد سے استعارہ کو جنم دیتا ہے۔ تشبیہ میں مشبہ اور مشبہ بہ یعنی وہ چیز جس سے تشبیہ دی جائے اور وہ بھی جس کو تشبیہ دی جائے دونوں موجود ہوتی ہیں۔ استعارے میں ان دونوں میں سے صرف ایک چیز موجود ہوتی ہے اس لیے تشبیہ میں صراحت و وضاحت ہوتی ہے ہے اور استعارے میں رمز و ابہام۔ نثر کو وضاحت کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے اس لیے وہاں تشبیہ زیادہ موثر رہتی ہے۔
شاعری میں ابہام سے حسن پیدا ہوتا ہے اس لیے استعارہ شاعری کے لیے زیادہ مناسب ہے۔ اقبال ایک پیام بر شاعر تھے۔ ان کے لیے ممکن نہ تھا کہ شاعری میں پیچیدگی اور ابہام سے لوگوں کو الجھائیں ۔ اقبال کے استعارے آسان اور توضیحی ہیں۔ اقبال نے اپنے استعاروں سے اپنی شاعری کو سمجھانے کا کام کم اور تخلیقی معانی کا کام زیادہ لیا ہے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے کہا ہے کہ صنائع بدائع کا بڑا ذخیرہ کلام اقبال میں موجود ہے۔ تشبیہات کی ندرت اور ان کی ارزانی پر حیرت ہوتی ہے ۔ مزید کہتے ہیں:
”استعاروں کی پوری دنیا آباد ہے“(17)
کلیات اقبال کا گہرائی سے مطالعہ کیا جائے تو یہ بات واضح بھی ہوتی ہے کہ نہ صرف استعاروں کی پوری دنیا آباد ہے بلکہ اقبال کا بنیادی شعری اسلوب بھی استعاراتی ہے۔ اقبال کی شاعری میں استعارہ جس کثرت سے استعمال ہوا ہے، اس لحاظ سے نہ تو تشبیہ کا استعمال ہوا ہے اور نہ ہی علامت کا ۔ ان استعاروں میں قاری کی دلچسپی کی اصل وجہ یہ ہے کہ وہ اپنےاندر ابدی نظر افروزی کی...

Development of College of Industrial Technology FM Broadcast Trainer

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Error Analysis with Special Reference to Writing Skills at Degree Level in Pakistan

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