Transition of Gender Roles across Three Generations due to Globalization in Pakistan

This study focused on how gender roles change from traditional to modern society with the impact of globalization by exploring the role of culture, technology, and environment. Globalization is the integration process that may affect human wellbeing, environment, economic development, and societal prosperity worldwide. A qualitative method was used to conduct in-depth interviews with 12 participants comprising of generation X (1965-1979), generation Y (1980-1994), and generation Z (1995-2004). Participants were sampled purposively. Through thematic analysis 10 major themes were discovered; (i) Perceived traditional gender roles, (ii) Transitional gender roles, (iii) Practicing traditional gender roles, (iv) Socio-cultural and family pressure, (v) Adopting new behavioral characteristics by females, (vi) Technology paved new ways and convenience, (vii) Negative aspects of Technology, (viii) Sensitized gender concept, (ix) Exposure to a hazardous environment, and (x) Social deconstruction of gender roles. The following information was found with regard to different generations and genders: (i) The element of acceptance and change is more evident in generation Z than in generation X; (ii) The male respondents are more persistent in traditional gender roles; (iii) The influence of technology on changing gender roles is more evident among the female participants; and (iv) Generation X and Y have more stereotypical views on gender roles than generation Z. The implication of this study is that gender roles are changing significantly over time in Pakistan due to globalization and technological development.

دراسة تقدیة و عمرانیة لاسلوب کتابة عبداللھ بن المقفع مع الترکیز علی مدرسة الترسل الطبیعی لھ

A Critical and Sociological study of the literary style of Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa with Focus on his Literary School: Natural expression. Due to scarcity of sufficient references and material on the subject of my thesis, I was obliged to follow methods of induction and survey of literature or obtaining and extracting necessary material and data. My research is ristricted to the following points. 1- Life of Abdullah Ibn Muqaffa with focus on his early environment and schooling under the care of his Magian parents and then his journey to Baghdad to enhance his exposure to a broader and deeper know-how of Arabic/Islamic Sciences and literature and then his literary and political life plus his reformative movement having led to his untimely death. All this followed by a critical discussion of his literary works and then critical evaluation of his thoughts and political wisdom with special focus on his theoretical philosophy and practical wisdom as extracted from his writings along with description of the salient features and traits whereby his literary works and thoughts are distinguished from his contemporaries and his predecessors all this followed by critical evaluation of different writers and critics' opinions/views about his life, writings and thoughts taking a different stand and at the same time synthesising different views in this connection. During working on my dissertation I followed methods of: 1- Induction 2- Survey of literature 3- Acquaintance and Description 4- Historical criticism All these are based on colligation of data and facts with observation of precision, penetration, necessary briefness and avoiding unnecessary and redundant details.