آلودہ پانی کی مروجہ تحلیل و تطہیر کا سائنسی و شرعی جائزہ

Water symbolizes life on the earth. All kinds of existence depend on water. Allah has created great reservoirs of water on this earth which cater to the needs of all living beings, but human negligence is making these resources polluted. Pollution not only poses threats to human life, it also endangers marine life and resources. These threats have been increased manifold by industrial revolution and increasing human population. The same factors are also responsible for the increased use of water. Many countries have employed distillation processes to provide clean water for the increasing demands of population, agriculture and industries. Islamic jurisprudence also takes into account different types of water, some of which can be used in cleansing rituals for worship, while some cannot be used. The question arises whether the purified water by scientific process will be "Ṭahir & Muṭṭahir" and can be used for ablution and other Islamic rituals? Will Islamic Jurist accept it as "Istiḥalah"? The following study will outline the details of distilled water to see whether it can be used for daily chores and ablution rituals or not.

The Possibilities of Sustaining Community of Practice Cop in Selected Schools in Karachi

The beginning of the twenty-first century brought a lot of changes in the educational world. Now learning is not considered as an individual activity as Lave and Wenger do not view learning as an individual cognitive processing, but as a process of participation in communities of practice. Now learning is considered not an individual activity but communal. It means everybody is the member of community. There are lots of professional development programmes conducted for schools improvement, but there are few outcomes due to several reasons. One reason could be that these programmes can not fulfill the requirements of contextual need. The second reason could be that teachers could not translate that learning into practice due to difference in context. Keeping these challenges in mind educationists introduced a school-based approach that is called Community of Practice (COP) being in which school teachers can share their concerns, successes, and challenges in their own context and learn from each other. The purpose of this research is to see if COP has been understood in Pakistani schools, what has been the process of COP and how it can be sustained as one of the approaches for school improvement. The study was undertaken in two schools, one is private and the other one is a government school. The concept of COP was introduced by AKU- IED for around 4 to 6 schools in Karachi. This study also explores how COP helped teachers (PDTs), head teachers and IED team members to enhance their understanding about this new concept as well as their own professional growth. It also highlights some of the factors, which help teachers to improve themselves and some factors, which hinder their work. This study also gives some recommendations and suggestions for creating COP in schools as well as sustaining it, as one of the best approaches to school improvement.