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Estimation of genetic diversity in major Pakistani wheat cultivars resistant for stripe rust Caused by puccinia Striiformis

Thesis Info

Author

Fareeha Fatima

Supervisor

Sumaira Farrakh

Department

Department of Environmental Sciences

Program

BS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

x,70

Subject

Environmental Sciences

Language

English

Other

BS 633.11 FAE

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-17 21:08:06

ARI ID

1676723960106

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مولانا حفیظ الرحمن واصف

مولاناحفیظ الرحمن واصف
گذشتہ مہینے (۱۳ مارچ) کواجڑنے اور باربار بسنے والی دلّی کی ایک اور فخر روزگار شخصیت مولانا حفیظ الرحمن واصف کی شکل میں اس دنیا سے اٹھ گئی اور دلّی کی بساط علم و دین اورادب وشعر پرچھایا ہوا اندھیرا کچھ اور گہرا ہوگیا، ان کی وفات پر محدود صحافتی اورعلمی حلقوں میں اضطراب اور ہلچل کی کمزورسی کیفیت نظر آئی جو مولانا حفیظ الرحمن واصف جیسی جلیل القدر شخصیت کے ماتم کے لیے نہ صرف ناکافی بلکہ کہناچاہیے کہ ان کی رفعت شان سے حددرجہ کم تر تھی۔ وہ ان ٹمٹماتی ہوئی شمعوں میں سے ایک شمع تھے جوآزادی سے پہلے اورآزادی کے بعد کی دہلی کی تمدنی تبدیلیوں اورلسانی اورسماجی تلاطم کی نوعیت اور کیفیتوں کی عکاس تھی اوروہ خود آزادی سے پہلے اور آزادی کے بعد کے درمیان نہ صرف حدِ فاصل کی حیثیت رکھتے تھے بلکہ ان کاشمارسماجی انقلاب حال کے مشہور ماتم گساروں اور میرؔ،سوداؔ، غالبؔ ،حالیؔ اورداغؔ جیسے نوحہ خوانوں میں ہوتاتھا۔
وہ اس خانوادۂ علم وشریعت کے چشم وچراغ تھے، جس نے ۱۸۵۷ء میں اجڑنے والی دہلی کواز سر نوسجانے اور بہاروں سے آراستہ کرنے میں حصہ لیا تھااور ایک پورے تمدن کی تباہی کے بعد اس کے ملبہ سے نئی اوردلآویز عمارت تعمیر کرنے کی ہمت دکھائی تھی۔
وہ حضرت مولانا مفتی کفایت اﷲ کے فرزند دلبند اوران کی سیرت اور خصلت کے بے شمار پہلوؤں میں ان کے حقیقی وارث اور جانشین تھے۔انہوں نے آنکھ کھول کراپنے یگانہ روزگار والد کے علاوہ جن لوگوں کی آنکھیں دیکھی تھیں، اور جن کی صحبتوں سے فیض اٹھایا تھاوہ سب وہ لوگ تھے کہ اب ان کا ثانی، دہلی کی سرزمین پرشاید ہی چشم فلک کوکبھی دیکھنا نصیب ہو۔
آج کی دہلی میں ان کاوجود بہاروں کی یادگار یاغالب کے الفاظ میں داغِ فراق صحبت شب کی...

An Analysis of Indo-Pakistan Nuclear Doctrines

This study explores the dynamics of nuclear politics in Indo-Pakistan relations. The events after the nuclearization of South Asia aroused an extensive discussion about the basic reasons of countries becoming nuclear. Deterrence idealists have put forward the Nuclear Peace Theory advocating that nuclear arms make war terribly expensive and evade conflict among atomic opponents and thus generate constancy among them. Deterrence cynics have debated that the new nuclear-powered countries would not be able to accomplish the rudimentary requisites for deterrence stability as they would be disposed to defensive and preventive war tactics, construct susceptible atomic weaponries that would disposed to illicit usage. While discussing both stability and instability of nuclear weapons, the intellectuals disregard the importance of nuclear doctrines of the nuclear states which can cause deterrence disappointment or guaranteeing its strength. The author has used primary and secondary data. The primary sources are news bulletins and websites and secondary sources are books, journals etc.

Socio-Psychological and Linguistic Factors Involved in Intrasentential Code switching from Urdu to English

Socio-Psychological and Linguistic Factors Involved in Intrasentential Code switching from Urdu to English It is a common practice that while talking in Urdu we switch to English, a language which is considered highly prestigious as well as a sign of sophistication in our society. The current study aims at exploring the three different types of factors — socio-cultural, linguistic, and psychological — which trigger this switching at intrasentential level. The study is deductive in nature in that instead of setting out with already thought-out factors, data from the field is recorded and analyzed in order to find out the factors governing Urdu-English codeswitching. Hence, there is no predisposition or predetermination involved. The three categories of codeswitching factors covered in the thesis correspond to all the three factor-based environments under the influence of which codeswitching takes place, not only from Urdu to English but also in case of other languages. Thus: • Socio-cultural factors refer to the external environment influencing codeswitching. This environment is coloured by social conformity and compliance with mass-practices. In this environment, subjectivity is discouraged; rather banned. The environment may also be termed social environment. • Linguistic factors denote the inevitable factors which arise out of some lack or gap in conversation. We can thus say that these constitute conversation-internal- or simply conversational- factors. Social or mental pressures play no part over here; it is just a genuine linguistic need which triggers codeswitching. • Psychological factors address the mental bend of individual codeswitchers, which leads to codeswitching from Urdu to English. These factors thus correspond to mental environment. Subjectivity and individualism, in sharp contrast to the practice in the social environment, receive a highly conducive ambiance here. It is to emphasize that though the main categories of the codeswitching-factors, i.e. socio-cultural, linguistic, and psychological, are invariable across the languages coming into contact with each other, the factors mentioned under each vary from one language-contact situation to another, and that the current study focuses on exploring the factors specific to Urdu-English codeswitching, i.e. the factors obviously arising out of the indigenous social and linguistic situations.