البعد الأخلاقي في سياسة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message,  enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.

Population Ecology and Effects of Nutrient Limitations on the Eco-Physiological Aspects of Gynandropsis Gynandra L. Briq

This thesis focuses on the population biology of Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.), member of family (Capparaceae) a summer annual plant, for two consecutive years 2012 and 2013 under undisturbed and disturbed environments respectively. The aspects which have been studied with respect to disturbance includes the demographic patterns, vegetative and reproductive growth, seed bank and dispersal patterns of G. gynandra. Any change in the external environment also impacts the physiological behaviors of plant, therefore, this thesis also presents the impact of disturbance on the nutrients status of G. gynandra population. Field work was carried out in the campus area, University of Karachi. The site was relatively undisturbed in the year 2012 and planned construction activities were ongoing in the nearing vicinities. With the passage of time, levels of anthropic as well as grazing disturbances increased in the entire area. Eventually, in the year 2013 the study site was no longer secluded and various disturbance agents were observed to exist. Evident disturbances included grazing, trampling, garbage dumping, burning and vehicle parking. Demographic studies revealed that G. gynandra populations increased immediately following seasonal monsoon showers and mortality increased towards the later stages of plant life. Plant density, vegetative and reproductive growth, dry weights and biomass allocation to component organs declined in the year 2013 (disturbed). Significant differences were observed in the buried seed reserves at three phenological stages, i.e. before rainfall, after rainfall and after dispersal. The overall seed density was low in the year 2013 versus that in 2012. Seeds of G. gynandra covered greater dispersal distances in the year 2013 (disturbed) versus 2012 (undisturbed) pertaining to movement of seeds via disturbance agents. In the soil and leaf samples of G. gynandra collected from the study area, significant differences were not observed in the amount of inorganic nutrients between disturbed and undisturbed years, primarily due to their gradual input through disturbance activities from time to time. Carbon, metal oxides and silicon were present in greater quantities compared to other inorganic nutrients in both the years. Significant decrease was observed in the amount of total and reducing sugars, total proteins and chlorophyll “a” content in the leaf samples of G. gynandra plants in year 2013 (disturbed) versus 2012 (undisturbed) which is attributed to the impact of defoliation and mechanical damage to physiological functions in G. gynandra population.