Honour Killing in the Light of Islamic Law and Prevailed Customs in Pakistan

 Islamic law consists hundreds of rulings that encourages the trends and cultural norms of a society in one or other. Similarly, it also strongly confine such mannerisms and social traits, though considers righteous and good, which affect the order of society and may the cause of rights exploitation of any gender.  Sharia’s Teachings counts it illegitimate & unlawful. “Honour Killing” is one of the prevailed custom across the nation with different local names, extremely brutal act, violating not only sharia’s law but also the reflection of mercilessness and inhumanity. Regrettably, in Pakistan this awful deed is measured as an act of appreciation and is not only regarded likeable and acceptable but also considered a thing to be proud of.  This study mainly focus on highlighting the sharia’s rulings about the nature of Honour killings along with disclosing distractions extent of prevailed custom from the main stream of Islamic law coupled with emphasis on administrative loopholes of the conventional justice system of Government of Pakistan in this regard.

Implementing ‘Assessment As Learning to Develop Students’ Conceptual Understanding in a Secondary School Chemistry Classroom of a Government School in Karachi

The aim of this study was to understand the notion of assessment as learning', through practicing in the secondary Science classroom to assess and develop students' conceptual understanding in the concepts of Matter and Bonding from the Secondary School Chemistry. Within this view of learning Science as a process of constructing understanding and restructuring the existing ideas, assessment becomes the heart of teaching-learning activities. Current assessment practices in secondary science classroom, followed by teaching and learning, act as a mechanism to measure learning rather improve it. Assessing students' conceptual understanding during the process is crucial for addressing the issues of misunderstanding, underdeveloped ideas or alternative frameworks that hinder learning. Students learn best by having a deeper level of understanding, when they involve in thinking about their learning in a fearless interactive environment. To bridge the gap between my classroom assessment practices and the research, the study was conducted and it helped me to analyze the possibilities and challenges to implement assessment as learning in order to develop students' conceptual understanding in the Secondary school /Science classroom. Conferencing with small groups was used as the teaching, learning and assessment strategy, when the students were engaged in different activities. Rubrics were developed and used by the students and the teacher to assess students' conceptual understanding in a fearless environment, as a result, the classroom culture changed from a silent and strictly structured cultured to a highly interactive one. The research study describes that students develop understanding when assessment is practiced as learning. However, in the implementation of assessment as learning in the secondary science classroom, there are many challenges that made it difficult, one of which was workload, which hindered in implementing assessment as a form of learning in a secondary science classrooms.