طاہر نظامی(۱۹۵۰ء۔پ) طاہرؔ تخلص کرتے ہیں۔ آپ پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ معروف شاعر خدا بخش مضطرؔنظامی کے بیٹے ہیں۔۱۹۸۲ء میں رائٹرز فورم سیالکوٹ نے آپ کو بہترین شاعر قرار دیا۔ (۱۱۳۱) آپ کی پہلی غزل ماہنامہ ’’حرم‘‘ لاہور میں اور پہلی نظم ’’اردو زبان‘‘ سرگودھا میں شائع ہوئی۔ طاہر کا شعری کلام ’’فنون‘‘،’’اوراق‘‘،’’ادبی دنیا‘‘ ،’’ادبِ لطیف‘‘،’’نیرنگ خیال‘‘،’’نیا دور‘ ‘،’’الفاظ‘‘ ،’’نقش‘‘ اور تحریریں میں شائع ہو چکا ہے۔ ’’بلا جواز‘‘ طاہر کا ایک غیر مطبوعہ شعری مجموعہ ہے۔ زیر ترتیب نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ فرمائیے:
چلوں تو پیچھے سے جیسے کوئی بلائے مجھے
جو مڑ کے دیکھوں تو کچھ بھی نظر نہ آئے مجھے
میں دشمنوں سے بھی ملتا ہوں دوستوں کی طرح
جسے یقین نہیں آتا وہ آزمائے مجھے
تری طلب نے جدا کر دیا ہے خود سے مجھے
میں کیا ہوں، کون ہوں، اتنا کوئی بتائے مجھے
â۱۱۳۲)
تتلیاں اڑ جائیں گی جب خوشبوؤں کے شہر کو
کانچ کا گلدان پھولوں سے سجتارہ جائے گا
â۱۱۳۳)
محبت سے تہی دامن بشر اچھا نہیں لگتا
مجھے سوکھا ہوا کوئی شجر اچھا نہیں لگتا
مجھے پردیس...
Swat valley with reference to its history is a famous region. Many civilizations originated in this land and that’s where they ended. Buddhism had a golden age in swat. Hinduism had also been in this land for some time. Artifacts from Greece and the Kushan period are also found here. The artifacts and traces of all these civilizations still exist in swat today. Similar artifacts have been discovered by the efforts of experts however, the gravity of the earth chest is much greater. Swat archeology is threatened by human population and some religious misunderstanding. Protecting Non-Muslim places of worship and respecting their emotions is a part of Islamic teachings. This paper describes the sharī‛ah rules of archeology and also different types of archeological sites like buildings, worship places and mentioning the orders related to idols etc.
Date Palm, (Phoenix dactylifera L.) often called ‘nakhl’, ‘khajor’, or ‘khaji’ belonging to the family Arcaceae (Dransfield et al., 2008) is an evergreen tree. It is the hardiest among tropical fruit trees and exceeds most other fruit crops in productivity and adaptability. The characterization of date palm at the genetic level supplemented with phenotypic character is of great concern as an important step towards efficient conservation, maintenance and utilization of the existing genetic diversity. The present research work was carried out to investigate the phenotypic variability and genetic diversity of the date palm germplasm present in the 16 districts of Pakistan. A planned survey of date palm growing regions of Pakistan in 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan) and Azad Jammu and Kashmir was conducted for collecting leaf and fruit samples of date palm. Young and healthy leaves were used to extract DNA whereas seeds were extracted from fruit for recording qualitative and quantitative morphometric diversity. In total, 2460 seeds of 82 accessions were included in morphometric study. About 139 date palm accessions were evaluated for genetic variability and population structure. The recorded data were analyzed using a set of different statistical tools for making significant interpretation. A total of 19 traits (5 quantitative and 14 qualitative) enabled an assessment of phenotypic diversity and structure. The measured traits: dorsal area, lateral area, embryo to apex length, embryo to base length and their percentage, seed base, micropyle position, seed wings and frequency of wings were more variable. PCA grouped all the accessions according to their phenotypic relations and morphometric characteristics. Cluster analysis distributed all the 82 Pakistani date palm accessions into their three original groups. The results reflect huge seed morphometric variation and presented seeds as a powerful tool for phenotyping. Furthermore, our study also exhibited strong resemblance and possible relationship between some groups of accessions. All 18 SSR primer pairs successfully analyzed molecular genetic variation and produced multiple fragments in the Pakistani collection as well as in date palm germplasm representing 10 different date palm growing regions of the eastern and western world. These set of markers proved themselves as highly polymorphic for genetic diversity estimation and population structure within and among all the geographically spaced population of xvii worldwide accessions. The findings of implemented markers revealed 2-23 alleles per locus with high level of expected heterozygosity in the accessions collected from Pakistan. The most informative SSR marker in this study was mPdCIT078. In addition, cultivar identification key were established. It allowed resolving the difference and constructs the relationships of the same name or vice versa. Our results also suggested the existence of population subdivision at the regional level. Population from semi arid – monsoonal or canal irrigated (seasonal or perennial) belt of Punjab (Bhakkar, Muzafargarh and Rahim Yar Khan) and dry arid ecological zones of Balochistan (Kech, Gwadar) are stable in their structure whereas DAPC distributed 342 accessions of 10 date palm growing countries into two major geographical groups (eastern and western). It is concluded that Pakistani germplasm has huge diversity and genetic pool were close to the eastern world especially Iraq and Oman.