قرۃ العین حیدر
اردو کی مشہور ادیبہ اور رجحان ساز افسانہ و ناول نگار محترمہ قرۃالعین حیدر ۲۱؍ اگست ۲۰۰۷ء کو انتقال کرگئیں، ان کی پیدائش ۲۶؍ جنوری ۱۹۲۶ء کو علی گڑھ میں ہوئی تھی جہاں ان کے والد سید سجاد حیدر یلدرم مسلم یونیورسٹی میں رجسٹرار تھے، مگر ان کی تعلیم لکھنو کے کرامت حسین گرلس کالج، آئی۔ٹی کالج اور لکھنو یونیورسٹی میں ہوئی تھی۔
قرۃالعین کے والد اور والدہ نذر سجاد حیدر بھی اردو کے بڑے انشا پرداز تھے، جن کی روایت کو قرۃالعین نے بہت آگے بڑھایا، انہوں نے کم سنی ہی سے لکھنا شروع کیا تھا اور ناول، ناولٹ، افسانے، رپورتاژ، سفر نامے سب میں اپنے جوہر دکھائے، انہیں اردو ادب کی ورجینا وولف کہا جاتا ہے۔
ادبی دنیا میں ان کو جو شہرت و مقبولیت نصیب ہوئی وہ کم لوگوں کو ملی، بعض رسالوں نے ان کی زندگی ہی میں ان کے گوشے نکالے تھے، انہوں نے ایک اچھی اور کامیاب مترجم کی حیثیت سے بھی شہرت حاصل کی، کئی کتابوں کے اردو سے انگریزی میں اور انگریزی سے اردو میں ترجمے کئے، ہنری جیمز کے ناول ’’پورٹریٹ آف اے لیڈی‘‘ کا ترجمہ ’’ہمیں چراغ، ہمیں پروانے‘‘ کے نام سے کیا تھا، شروع میں ان کا تعلق انگریزی صحافت سے بھی رہا، انہوں نے بی بی سی سے براڈکاسٹ کے فرائض بھی انجام دیے۔
قرۃالعین کے ناولوں میں آگ کا دریا، آخر شب کے ہم سفر، کا رجہاں دراز ہے، میرے بھی صنم خانے، چاندنی بیگم، سفینہ غم دل، گردش رنگ چمن اور افسانوی مجموعوں میں پت جھڑ کی آواز، ستاروں سے آگے اور شیشے کا گھر وغیرہ ہیں، آگ کا دریا اور آخر شب کے ہم سفر کو اردو ادب کا شاہ کار خیال کیا جاتا ہے۔
تقسیم ہند کے بعد قرۃالعین اپنے خاندان کے ساتھ پاکستان چلی گئی تھیں...
Islamic law consists hundreds of rulings that encourages the trends and cultural norms of a society in one or other. Similarly, it also strongly confine such mannerisms and social traits, though considers righteous and good, which affect the order of society and may the cause of rights exploitation of any gender. Sharia’s Teachings counts it illegitimate & unlawful. “Honour Killing” is one of the prevailed custom across the nation with different local names, extremely brutal act, violating not only sharia’s law but also the reflection of mercilessness and inhumanity. Regrettably, in Pakistan this awful deed is measured as an act of appreciation and is not only regarded likeable and acceptable but also considered a thing to be proud of. This study mainly focus on highlighting the sharia’s rulings about the nature of Honour killings along with disclosing distractions extent of prevailed custom from the main stream of Islamic law coupled with emphasis on administrative loopholes of the conventional justice system of Government of Pakistan in this regard.
Coronopus didymus is a medicinal plant used traditionally as antipyretic, expectorant, blood purifier and for alleviating symptoms of pain, inflammations, malaria, wounds and cancer. The present study was designed with the objectives of revelation of diagnostic compounds responsible for biological activity of this plant. This work is divided into two main parts, part I includes extraction, preliminary phytochemical analysis, isolation, purification, and identification of phenolic constituents by using mass spectrometric technique. Part II comprises bioevaluation of plant for cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Total phenolic content of various solvent extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Polar and non-polar constituents of C. didymus were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric (UPLC-ESI-MS) and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis (GC-MS), respectively. Major constituents of C. didymus were isolated by using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative mass directed HPLC method. The phenolic content was found to be the highest in the ethanolic extract (CDA Et, 47.8 mM GAE). Eighteen phytochemicals were tentatively identified from ethanolic extract by UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. The predominant compounds of aerial parts were flavonoids while roots contained glucosinolate as the major component. Sixty-three volatile phytochemicals were identified from aerial parts and roots of C. didymus by GC-MS analyses. Mass spectrometric profiling of the C. didymus extracts, confirmed that this plant contained a plenty of compounds. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by UV-Vis. spectroscopy (with shift reagents), LC-ESI-MS and NMR spectral data as 5,7,4''trihydroxy-3''-methoxyflavone-4''-O-β-D-glucoside (1''), 5,7,4''-trihydroxy-3''methoxyflavone-4''-O-(6''''-acetyl)b -D-glucoside (2'') and 5,7,4''-trihydroxy-3''-methoxy flavone (3''). Compound 1'' was identified for the first time from the genus Coronopus. Extracts, fractions and isolated compounds were subjected to various bioassays in a dose dependent manner to understand their anticancer, antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial susceptibility. Isolated compounds 1''-3'' showed promising activity against HeLa cells with IC50 values of 43.50, 0.63 and 3.67 µM, respectively. Significant result was also obtained with compound 3'' against LN18 cells with IC50 value of 46.63 µM. In antioxidant activity, compound 3'' was far more effective in scavenging free radicals in the DPPH and ABTS assays with IC50 of 43.8 and 0.08 µg/mL, than the standard trolox, with IC50 values of 97.5 and 21.1 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 3'' depicted largest zone of inhibition (15 mm) against X. campestris, which was even higher than the chemical bactericides viz., bismerthiazole and kasugamycin, with inhibition zone of 11 mm and 14 mm, respectively. Mass spectrometric profiling and the cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the phenolic constituents 1''-3'' provide a scientific basis for the ethnopharmacological use of C. didymus for various applications.