دور جدید میں بینک کے فرائض و وظائف: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

In our contemporary world the role of bank has increased manifold. Banks whether it be traditional or Islamic play a pivotal role in the economic life of a nation. In fact, modern banks are instrumental in shaping destiny of nations and thus are responsible for the growth and development of societies. Banks perform multiple functions such as safeguard people’s wealth, create jobs, provide capital for new ventures, generate investment opportunities and enhance business environment.  Modern banks are the main source of circulation of money leading to wealth multiplication in the national economy. Parallel to traditional banking there exists Islamic banking system which not only prohibits interest but lays emphasis on cent percent obedience to the laws and injunctions laid down by Islamic principles. Islamic bank forbids money earn through nefarious means and allows only permissible means according to the principles of shariah. The Islamic banking system is based on principles beneficial to the society as well guarantees stability and better prospects for the people of a country. In modern times the role of institutions like banks has grown to such an extent that their existence has become inevitable for socio-economic survival and progress.

A Novel Manet Protocol Design for Auto-Configuration and Efficient Service Provisioning

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are a special class of networks which lack infrastructure components. In the current scenario practical realization of such networks is carried out by using Internet Protocol (IP) based architecture which was proposed four decades ago for infrastructure based fixed networks. Researchers have pointed out a number of technical problems in the IP based architecture, even when it is applied in infrastructure based networks like support for mobility, multi-homing, dual/overriding role of IP address, etc. Due to such problems contemporary researchers are proposing number of alternative architectures for replacing the IP based architecture. When Ad hoc networks like MANETs are realized by IP based architecture, multitude of technical problems will be required to be addressed. Along with the inherent deficiencies of IP based architecture some new issues specific to the ad hoc scenario like IP address auto-configuration, naming and name resolution, etc will also be required to be addressed. It is argued that application of IP based architecture for realizing ad hoc networks, especially MANETs, will require fulfillment of numerous challenging requirements and patches. Due to such technical issues ad hoc networking has extremely limited realization in real world applications. There exists number of constraints of IP based networking when it is applied in the ad hoc networking context. As an attempt to address such constraints an alternative architecture with the name ID based ad HOC NETwork (IDHOCNET) is proposed. Even though IDHOCNET is a non IP based architecture, it additionally supports all IP based applications. Almost all the research on ad hoc networking scenarios relies on simulation work. Simulation based validation hides many real-world issues of the system. Considering this aspect, the approach of prototype implementation has been adopted for the proof of concept of the proposed architecture. IDHOCNET gives solution to problems like IP address autoix of configuration, naming and name resolution and provides ease of implementation of ad hoc networks. Ad hoc networks are inherently bandwidth constrained. Therefore, in the pursuit of bandwidth conservation, IDHOCNET further provides a novel implementation of a multi-hop header compression scheme. Moreover, IDHOCNET provides implementation details of a novel application class which is called as ID based applications. A number of experiments have been conducted to demonstrate IP and ID based applications execution on a real multi-hop testbed. IDHOCNET data forwarding mechanisms is compared with traditional IP based ad hoc networks. It is observed that the bandwidth required for IDHOCNET is less than the traditional IP based implementation. Moreover, additional bandwidth is saved when header compression is applied in data forwarding. Hence the proposed architecture contributes significantly to efficient ad hoc network realization.