انسانی صحت کے متعلق سائنسی ا ثبات احادیث نبویہﷺ کی روشنی میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The preachings of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) are equally beneficial for both  believers  and non-believers. While Muslims have reaped many benefits from prophetic teachings, those who do not believe in the Holy Prophet (saw) are also inclined to study his teachings and conclude that the scientific  principles we are  formulating now, were revealed by the Prophet  (P.B.U.H) many centuries ago. Whether it be the secrets of hygiene, medicine  and treatment, or matters of implicit principles of creation, Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H)'s teachings contain golden principles that encompass   the secrets of success in all matters ranging from the survival of human health to the matters of creation. The purpose of this article is to explain the sayings of the holy prophet*( P.B.U.H) which lead to scientific proofs and indicate that it is the teachings of the Prophet (P.B.U.H), from which today’s intellectuals deduce principles. But the Prophet ( PBUH) many years ago, made those golden principles clear  through his edicts and rulings in the time of technology scarcity.

Production and Immobilization of Microbial Lipases

In the first step of the present study, cultural conditions were optimized for the enhanced production of lipase by Penicillium notatum and Pleurotus ostreatus. Different agricultural wastes viz., canola oilseed cake, sesame oilseed cake, linseed oil cake, cotton oilseed cake; rice bran and wheat bran were used as substrates for their potential to be used for the production of lipase under solid state fermentation conditions. Among these, the canola oil seed cake was proved to be best substrate for production of lipase under solid state fermentation conditions. Optimization of different physicochemical factors led to 2 folds and 1.6 folds enhancement in lipase production by Penicillium notatum and Pleurotus ostreatus respectively. Under these conditions the enzyme activity was observed to be 5335 U/gds and 3118 U/gds respectively. Penicillium lipase due to high activities was selected for further studies. Penicillium notatum lipase was purified to homogeneity by four step purification strategy to achieve 28.88 fold purified enzyme with 13.4% recovery and specific activity, 26779 U/mg. The molecular weight of the homogeneous lipase was 46 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. It was optimally active at pH 9.5 and 40°C. The Michaelis Menten constants (Km) and Vmax of lipase from Penicillium notatum for para nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolysis at optimum temperature were 3.33 mM and 232.6 m mol/mL min-1 respectively. The Penicillium notatum lipase was stable in the broad pH range from pH 6.0 to 12, with maximum stability in the range of 8.5-11.0. The enzyme show a high thermo-stability with half lives of 8.25 hrs, 3.2 hrs, 1.12 hrs and 0.58 hrs 40, 50, 60 and 70°C. The activation energy for denaturation was 81.1 kJ/mol. The enzyme activity was enhanced significantly by Ca2+. Exposure to hydrophobic environment (urea solution and organic solvents), did not affect the enzyme significantly. However when incubated with protease solution, denaturation of enzyme was observed. In the next part of study Penicillium notatum lipase was immobilize by carrier bound and carrier free technique of immobilization. Entrapment was more efficient in terms of high relative activity and immobilization efficiency as compared to cross linking. Both the immobilization techniques greatly enhanced the thermo stability of enzyme. Temperature optima for lipase activity shifted to higher temperatures as compared to the free enzyme. The reusability of immobilized enzyme was excellent in case of silicon entrapped enzyme. During this study we were able to find a mild cross linker (EG- NHS) which can replace the conventionally used glutaraldehyde with retention of higher activities. The cross linked aggregates of the enzyme have shown very good stability as compared to free enzyme. However the reusability was not very promising as compared to the entrapped enzyme.