مولوی فیروز الدین ڈسکوی

فقہ اسلامی اور مروجہ ملکی قوانین کے تناظر میں عذر کی جدید طبی اور نفسیاتی صورتوں کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Shariah is comprised of five main branches: adab (behavior, morals and manners), ibadah (ritual worship), i’tiqadat (beliefs), mu’amalat (transactions and contracts) and ‘uqubat (punishments). These branches combine to create a society based on justice, pluralism and equity for every member of that society. Furthermore, Shariah forbids to impose it on any unwilling person. Islam’s founder, Prophet Muhammad, demonstrated that Shariah may only be applied if people willingly apply it to themselves—never through forced government implementation. Muslim jurists argued that laws such as these clearly mandated by God, are stated in an unambiguous fashion in the text of the Qur'an in order to stress that the laws are in and of themselves ethical precepts that by their nature are not subject to contingency, context, or temporal variations. It is important to note that the specific rules that are considered part of the Divine shari'a are a special class of laws that are often described as Qur'anic laws, but they constitute a fairly small and narrow part of the overall system of Islamic law. In addition, although these specific laws are described as non-contingent and immutable, the application of some of these laws may be suspended in cases of dire necessity (darura). Thus, there is an explicit recognition that even as to the most specific and objective shari'a laws, human subjectivity will have to play a role, at a minimum, in the process of determining correct enforcement and implementation of the laws.

مکتوبات مولوی محمد حسین آزاد کا تحقیقی اور تنقیدی جائزہ

Letters written by famous writers have contributed a great deal in the development of Urdu language and literature. Today, this significantly important type of prose writing is on decline, due to advancement in the field of communication. Hence, communication through letters is being substituted with SMS, MMS, templates and e-mails etc., which are not being preserved for subsequent analysis. So far, letters of only few famous writers have been researched & critically analyzed, for their literary importance. It is in this back drop that the letters of Muhammad Hussain Azad, who is regarded as one of the five important learned persons of Urdu prose writing, have been selected for research and critical analysis. My endeavor was to highlight the ignored aspects of Azad's prose and an effort in this direction has been made through literary analysis of various letters. For ease of understanding, I have segregated my research into six chapters; each one elucidating distinctly, important aspects of my research. The first chapter is about tradition of Urdu letter writing from its infancy till Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. The 2nd chapter discusses the letter writing style of Azad's counter parts, whereas 3rd chapter presents Azad's biography, literary services and style of expression in prose. Fourth chapter focuses on the research of Azad's letters whereas 5th chapter offers critical analysis of his letters and style of letter writing. The chapter also focuses on Azad's biography derived from his letters & Azad's style of letter writing in relation to his overall style of prose writing. Last chapter briefly describes addresses.