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Home > Influence of speech anxiety on oral communication skills among ESL/EFL learners at Hitec University Taxila

Influence of speech anxiety on oral communication skills among ESL/EFL learners at Hitec University Taxila

Thesis Info

Author

Said Muhammad

Supervisor

Ayaz Afsar

Department

Department of English

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xii,123

Subject

English

Language

English

Other

MS 400 SAI

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676724059692

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5اردو شاعری میں قدرتی مظاہر کی تصویر کش

اردو شاعری میں قدرتی مظاہر کی تصویر کشی

ڈاکٹر عبدالمنان چیمہ

اردو شاعری کا ایک  اہم پہلو قدرتی  مظاہر و مناظر  کی تصویر کشی  ہے ۔ ایک طرف  شاعر کی اندرونی  کیفیت  ہوتی ہے اور دوسری طرف وسیع و عریض  کائنات اور اس کے بکھرے ہوئے حسین  قدرتی  مظاہر کا منظر ہوتا ہے۔اردو ادب کے  بہت سارے مشاہیر نے   فطرت نگاری کو اپنی شاعری کا موضوع بنایا ہے۔ ان کے ہاں  فطرت کے حسن کا ذکر ملتا ہے۔ جن قدرتی  اشیاء کا تذکرہ کرتے ہیں ان میں اپنی دلی کیفیات کا رنگ بھر دیتے ہیں۔ فطرت نگاری میں شاعر اپنی  دلی کیفیات و محسوسات  کو قدرتی نظاروں سے  ہم آہنگ کرتا ہے۔ عصر حاضر میں پیسے کی دوڑ  اور  صنعتی انقلاب  نے کائنات کے  حسین مناظر کو  شدید خطرے سے دوچار  کر دیا ہے۔

زمین پر بڑھتی ہوئی  آلودگی  کا انسان  ، جانداروں اورماحول پر نقصان دہ اثر پڑرہاہے۔اس کی بڑی وجہ قدرتی عناصر کا غیر دانشمندانہ استعمال ہے۔ اس لیے قدرتی وسائل  میں انسان کی مداخلت  کو کم کرنا اور روک تھام  کے لئے کردار ادا کرنا وقت کی اہم  ضرورت ہے۔زمین کی آلودگی نہ صرف انسانوں کی صحت کے لئے خطرناک ہے بلکہ موجودہ  دور میں سرمایہ دارانہ فکر کا حامل انسان معاشی خوشحالی کے چکر میں نسل انسانی کے ساتھ ساتھ  کرہ  ارض پر پائی جانے والی  دیگر مخلوقات    کو بھی  بری طرح متاثر  کررہا ہے۔  بہت سارے  مشاہیر نے اپنی شاعری میں  قدرتی عناصر کے استحصال  اور ماحولیاتی آلودگی کی مذمت کی ہے۔ اردو ادب کے مشاہیرکا  اس قومی وانسانی خدمت  اور قدرتی مظاہر سے محبت کو اجاگر کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔

ظفر اقبال ظفر   قدرتی مظاہر کی تباہی   میں انسان کے کردار کی  منظر کشی کرتے ہوئے لکھتے  ہیں :

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Efforts to Improve the Creative Economy During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Asean Countries

Increasing the creative economy during the pandemic is very urgent, as an effort to stabilize the economy in ASEAN. The character of the creative economy is characterized by economic activities that are based on the exploration and exploitation of creative ideas that have high selling value. All tourism ministers from ASEAN countries to strengthen tourism cooperation, one of the economic sectors hardest hit in the pandemic. Intelligent marketing is needed in order to know the strengths of our competitors and market tastes, because in the era of globalization, war is actually a war in the economic field and the creative economy is the main weapon. Strong cooperation in efforts to jointly handle the impact of COVID-19 in the tourism sector in the ASEAN region. All ASEAN members to jointly enhance cooperation not only in dealing with pandemic problems but also in terms of developing the creative economy.

Development and Performance Studies of Pyrotechnic Composition for Pressure-Generated and Delay Cartridges

The work presented in this thesis is focused on the development and performance studies of different types of pyrotechnic compositions for pressure-generated and delay cartridges. A lot of work has been carried out in the field of pyrotechnic compositions; however, there is not much data available on the development and selection of the suitable igniter and booster pyrotechnic compositions for pressure-generated cartridges, coupled with lack of understanding of detailed parametric studies on pyrotechnic delay compositions to improve their burning performance. The published work in the field of pyrotechnic delay compositions presents individual studies of one or two parameters affecting burning performance. The present work is a concerted effort to provide an insight into the detailed studies of a number of parameters to investigate and improve the performance of particular delay compositions. For this purpose B, Zr and Pb(SCN)2 were used as fuels and KNO3, KClO4, KClO3 as oxidizers for the development of igniter and booster pyrotechnic compositions, whereas B and Si were used as fuels while BaCrO4, PbO and Pb3O4 as oxidizers while FG, CMC, Dextrin as binders for the development of different types of pyrotechnic delay compositions. The first part of this research work pertains to develop different types of high energy igniter and booster pyrotechnic compositions: B/KNO3, Zr/KClO4 and Pb(SCN)2/KClO3 as igniter compositions while B/Mg/KClO4/Bi2O3 and B/Mg/KClO4 as booster pyrotechnic compositions.The study shows that the best combination for igniter and booster compositions in terms of safety, calorific values and cartridge functionality are Zr/KClO4 (40/60) and B/Mg/KClO4 (30/10/60), respectively. Further, the development and parametric studies of different types of pyrotechnic delay compositions comprising B/BaCrO4/Binder, Si/Pb3O4/Binder, Si/PbO/Binder and Si/Pb3O4/PbO/Binder was conducted. Effect of fuel contents, binders, temperature variation, loading pressure, ingredients mixing and body material on the burring time and burning rate/mass consumption of these delay compositions were experimentally investigated and Calorific values were determined. These studies revealed that burning performance of a pyrotechnic delay composition could be modified by altering these parameters through an indepth study of these parameters to enable the end-user to develop and optimize the burning performance of pyrotechnic compositions as done in this work.Variation in the burning time has been significantly reduced in these delay compositions through homogenous mixing as being a problem in delay mixtures. The burning rate and mass consumption of these compositions increased with increase in fuel contents until maximum value was achieved. These values then decreased on further increase in fuel contents until misfire condition was recorded. It was also revealed during this study that binders also play an important role in modifying the burning rate of delay compositions. Variation in loading pressure did not significantly affect the burning performance. Burning rate of these delay compositions increased with the decrease in ambient temperature and vice versa. By replacing the stainless steel body material with brass and controlling the laboratory operating conditions further reduced the variation in the burning time. In the last part of the thesis, studies were undertaken for the measurement of minimum pressure together with ejection velocity, required for the release of the external stores from military aircraft on powerful pressure generating cartridge. Pressure generating cartridge converts chemical energy into mechanical energy. Mission effectiveness and sustainability for military aircrafts are highly dependent on ability to separate the external stores with required velocity to minimize risk during mission flight. The prediction of ejection velocity for the separation of external stores from the military aircrafts is an important task in the aerodynamic design area. It not only requires to separate the stores safety from the aircraft but also requires a relatively smooth release for good delivery accuracy. The experimental data shows that minimum pressure required to separate the external store from Ejection Release Unit (ERU) must be more than 70 bars depending on the mass of store. The ejection velocity with single cartridge is between 3.59~4.5 m s-1 The upshot of this work is that it provides new insight in the function and performance of pyrotechnic delay compositions and pressure generated-cartridges to enable the end-user to optimize the performance of these compositions, as per requirement.