مقاصد شریعت کا تصور اور ان کا اطلاق

According to Islamic Jurists the main objectives, or purpose of Islamic Law (Shariah) are the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth. These five purposes are designated as necessities of life and these are the primary purposes of the Shariah (Islamic Law). Protection of faith is the first and foremost objective of the Islamic Law as the Quran clearly mentions worship of Allah as the purpose of creation of human being.  Protection of life is the second purpose and according to Islamic teachings human life is sacred. The Quran clearly forbids taking human life of a person without justification. Protection of Intellect is the third purpose as human being has been given superiority over other creatures by virtue of intellect and reason. A Person with sound mind and intellect can think, act, react well, this is why Islam prohibits all kinds of intoxicants because they are harmful and may disturb faculty of reasoning. Protection of Progeny is the fourth purpose as Islam emphasizes on the establishment of lawful relationship between man and woman. It is the foundation for the establishment of a value-based society. Islam considers unlawful relation harmful for individuals and community. This is the reason that Islam prohibits adultery. Protection of wealth is the fifth purpose and the Islamic teachings’ emphasis on acquisition of wealth by lawful means. While the Quran enjoins that one should not earn wealth by unlawful means.  These dharurat (necessities are followed by the hajat (needs) and thasinat (complementary values). However the scope of these purposes goes beyond them and they include protection of civilization, culture, establishing peace, harmony, security, elimination of violence, maintenance of equality, and so on.  In this article all these five kinds of dharurat (necessities) have been elaborated while in the last portion a review has been carried out for their relevance and implementation in the contemporary era.

Willingness to pay for improved water supply services in Karachi

Karachi, Pakistan's largest cosmopolitan and home to over 21 million people, finds itself unable to fulfill the various public utility needs including basic amenities like water. Access to clean drinking water remains the greatest perceived need of the population (City District Government Karachi, 2007), a deficiency further hampered by the population size of the metropolis. Just three-fifths of the total number of households is connected to the Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KWSB) supply line, and those connected received daily, only four hours of continuous water supply on average. In order to implement projects that increase water coverage and improve water supply services in a sustainable way, implementation of a cost recovery system is necessary, and for that it is important to examine willingness to pay of the beneficiaries of improved water supply. The objective of this study is to examine the determinants of the willingness to pay (WTP) of water consumers and to find out whether it is possible to increase tariffs. This study uses a contingent valuation method to estimate the mean willingness to pay using double bound dichotomous choice bidding. The total number of households surveyed through in-person interviews is 400. The households were randomly selected from Block 4 and Block 7 of Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town in Karachi. Estimation using interval data model reveal that sampled households expressed their WTP with a mean WTP of Rs. 2244 and Rs. 2080/ month for each model respectively. It also shows income affects the respondent's willingness to pay. The descriptive analysis result reveals that the mean WTP for improved water services is higher than the existing tariff