پروفیسر عثمان ادہمی
یہ خبر بڑے رنج و غم کے ساتھ سنی جائے گی کہ ۱۵؍ مارچ کو دہلی میں پروفیسر عثمان ادہمی کا انتقال ہوگیا ان کا آبائی وطن بستی تھا مگر انہوں نے علی گڑھ میں اپنا مکان تعمیر کرالیا تھا، وہ مسلم یونیورسٹی میں حیاتیات کے پروفیسر تھے۔ ان کی علمی اور تنظیمی صلاحیتوں کا اس وقت زیادہ اندازہ ہوا جب وہ سید حامد صاحب کی وائس چانسلری کے زمانے میں پراکٹر تھے اور غالباً انہی کی تحریک اور جناب حکیم عبدالمجید صاحب کی خواہش پر ادہمی صاحب یونیورسٹی سے سبکدوش ہو کر ہمدرد اسٹڈی سرکل کے ڈائریکڑ ہوئے، ان کی اور سید صاحب کی مشترکہ جدوجہد سے اس کوچنگ سنٹر سے گزشتہ چھ برسوں میں ستر (۷۰) آئی۔اے۔ایس منتخب ہوئے جو ایک بڑا کارنامہ ہے، وہ مولانا آزاد میموریل اکادمی کے صدر بھی تھے جو ایک زمانے میں ان کی جدوجہد سے سرگرم رہی، ادہمی صاحب ایک شریف انسان اور قوم و ملت کے خاموش اور مخلص خادم تھے، وہ نام و نمود اور صلہ و ستائش سے ہمیشہ بے پرواہ رہے۔ ان کی ذاتی زندگی بھی صاف اور پاکیزہ تھی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت فرمائے، متعلقین کو صبر جمیل دے اور ہمدرد اسٹڈی سرکل اور قوم کو ان کا نعم البدل عطا فرمائے۔ آمین! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، اپریل ۱۹۹۷ء)
The institution of ‘Gift’ (ہبہ) is common in every religion. Every religion promo-tes this practice, as it is a tool to create sense of love and affection between the giver and the receiver. Similarly, Islam encourages its followers to perform it from time to time and spread sense of love and affection. The holy Prophet (Peace and Mercy be upon him) not only ordered the believers of Islam to exchange gifts but also, he himself was habitual of distributing things among the Muslims as gifts. Here, in this article, this exercise of the ‘Gift’ is discussed. Firstly, its lexical and terminological meanings are mentioned and supported with verses of the holy Quran and the traditions of the holy Prophet (PBUH). Furthermore, its need and importance are given consideration. Secondly, kinds of the ‘Gift’ are specified, which are ‘Gift of existing things and non-existing things’. Then the existing things are divided into ‘Devisable and non-devisable items’. In the end the concept of possession in the ‘Gift’ is stated. Along with all this opinions of the five schools of thoughts i.e. Hanafi, Maliki, Shafai, Hanbali and Shia, and their basis regarding possession of the ‘Gift’ are presented.
This study aimed to investigate the Impact of low Cost Teaching Material on Creativity, Achievement and Attitude towards Chemistry at Secondary level in Khyber. A related purpose was to investigate the gender differences in creativity, achievement and attitude towards Chemistry. The research strategy adopted in this study was mixed methods; both quantitative and qualitative research methods were utilized. As triangulation are the key characteristics of mixed method. Therefore, triangulation was in this research as well. To assess creativity of the students a test of creativity was developed. The test was comprised of five components, i.e. sensibility to problem, fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration & redefinition. The reliability of the creativity test of science (Chemistry) was established using the test - retest method. The test-retest took 25 days. The test-retest reliability coefficient was found to be 0.87. Achievement test was prepared according to the style of routine exam of the schools / colleges. The objective of this particular study is to investigate the impact of teaching science through low cost materials on students’ achievement. Therefore, on the bases of cognitive domains, (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation) of Bloom’s Taxonomy of educational objectives the researcher developed achievement tests (pre-tests and post-test) from the contents and activities of 12 grad of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook of Chemistry. There were 29 items and every item had four options. The test was shown to practicing teachers in 15 schools and their comments were sought. And necessary changes were made in the questions and test as a whole. The test was also piloted to 80 students and item analysis was carried out. Similarly, a modified versiob of Test of Science-Related Attitude (TOSRA) was used to measure students’ attitude towards chemistry. The test was purely constructed on Likert scale to measure the students’ attitude towards chemistry on the factors such as Behavior tendency to learn chemistry, Liking for chemistry laborastory work , Liking for chemistry theory lesson , Evaluation belief about chemistry, Leisure interest in science andEnjoyment of chemistry .Besides these tests two interviews (one for teachers and one for students) were also conducted for data collection. Purposive sampling technique was adopted for selection of students for interviews. The selection of the students was non-random. The researcher selected nine students for structured interview. Three students from high achiever group three students from average and three from lower achieving groups. The selection was on the bases of achievement in their creativity test, pre-test and post-test and on the researcher observation Likert check list. There were some threats (extraneous variables) which could affect the experimental study. The researcher controlled these threats, because any uncontrolled extraneous variable could affect the performance on the depending variable to the validity of an experiment.During pilot study the researcher came to know that what type of internal and external validity could be controlled. On the bases of threats the researcher selected an institution and sample where all the threats were controlled. The most important internal threats were mortality, instrumentation, testing and differential selection of participants faced during pilot study. Due to mortality, the reduction in the number of participants occurred over time as individuals dropped out for different reasons. 26 out of 80 participants dropped out. The researcher, in broad study, overcame the mortality of groups by obtaining demographic information about the participants before the start of the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using t-test through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Similarly qualitative data from interviews was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques. Main findings of the study indicated that students in experimental group, taught through activity with low cost materials, showed significantly greater creativity, achievement and attitude towards chemistry than the students in control group. This study further showed that female students, both in experimental and control groups, outperformed their male counterparts. This shows that teaching through activities with low cost material produced better results in the terms of creativity, achievement and attitude towards chemistry.