سفر ہے شرط۔۔۔۔
ڈاکٹرعارف حسین عارفؔ
دنیا کی سیر کرنا ، آنکھوں سے دیکھنا اور لفظوں میں دکھانا سب مختلف ہنر ہیں۔ جو شخص دنیا کی سیر کا حوصلہ رکھتا ہے وہ اپنی آنکھیں اور دل کھلا رکھے اور قلم رواں رکھے تو اس کا سفر نہ صرف اپنا سفر رہ جاتا ہے بلکہ وہ اپنے ساتھ ساتھ دوسروں کو بھی ،جو کبھی قیدِ مقام سے نہیں گزرے، اپنے ساتھ ساتھ لیے پھرتا ہے۔ سفر نامہ نگار کی یہی خوبی ہوتی ہے کہ وہ ایک افسانوی فضا قائم کر تے ہوئے داستانوی ماحول بناتے ہوئے ، قاری کو اس طرح اپنی گرفت میں لیتا ہے کہ اُس کے ذہن کی سکرین پر وہ تمام مناظر اپنا عکس لیے ساتھ ساتھ چلتے جاتے ہیں۔
ڈاکٹر الطاف یوسف زئی کا سفر نامہ’’ نیل کے سنگ‘‘ اس لحاظ سے ایک منفرد سفر نامہ ہے کہ جس میں داستانوی عنصر بھی پایا جاتا ہے اور افسانے کا اختصار بھی۔ انھوں نے چند صفحات میں ہی مصر کی ایسی سیر کرادی ہے کہ جو آدمی ایک مہینہ میں بھی شاید نہ کر سکتا ہو۔ تاریخ کی بھاری بھرکم کتابوں کو ہاتھ لگانے سے ڈر لگتا ہے اور پھر ان کا اسلوب بھی اتنا دل خراش ہوتا ہے کہ ایک آدھ صفحے کے بعد کتاب کو طاق پہ سجا دینا ہی مناسب لگتا ہے مگر الطاف صاحب نے سفرنامے کو اس طرح خوبصورت اسلوب اور دل کش پیرائے سے مزین کیا ہے کہ قاری ساتھ ساتھ سفر کرتا چلا جاتا ہے۔ سب سے بڑھ کر ان کے اسلوب میں جو بر محل اشعار اور احادیث اور اسلامی روایات کا استعمال ہے وہ ان کی علمیت کی خبر بھی دیتا ہے اور ساتھ ہی قاری کو ایک اسلامی اور ادبی روایت سے بھی...
This article is an attempt to know about “The Succeeds of Guru Nanak and Their Significance in the Development of Sikhism. There have been nine Succeeds of Guru Nanak in the history of Sikhism. They took significant role in the field of development of Sikhism. It has been studied the major works of these succeeds in this articles. It throws light on the methodology and strategies of the succeeds of Guru Nanak in their reign. Gurdwara panja sahib is one of the holiest places in Sikhism which is believe hold a rock hand print of Guru Nanak. Every year, hundreds and thousands of pilgrims from various parts of the world, especially India and rural areas of Sindh, visit this temple to offer religious rituals in Connection with various occasion like Rakhi, Besakhi, Birth and death anniversary of Guru Nanak Ddev, Joti Jott Mela, death anniversary 05th Guru of Sikhism Guru Arjun Dev. And last emperor of Punjab Maharaja Ranjeet Singh. The lager (holy Food) served at the temple is part of the teachings of Guru Nanak dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism.
Aliphatic polycarbonates are a newly emerging class of synthetic biodegradable polymers which are gaining attention due to their applications in biomedical fields including bond fixation, artificial skin, suture filaments, ligature clamps, devices for controlled drug release, bioresorbable prostheses, etc. Aliphatic polycarbonates possess several advantages compared to polyesters (other synthetic biodegradable polymers) that includes their resistance to acidic hydrolysis, thermal and hydrolytic stability, slow degradation rate and non-acidic degradation products. Most widely employed monomer for synthesis of aliphatic polycarbonate is trimethylene carbonate, a six membered cyclic carbonate, and its derivatives. Five-membered cyclic carbonates are not given much attention despite their huge potential as building blocks of biodegradable polymers. Polymerization of five-membered cyclic carbonates is associated with fractional decarboxylation during polymerization that leads to presence of ether linkages alongside targeted carbonate linkages. The demand of polycarbonates is significantly increasing due to their applications in various fields that inspired the improvement of synthesis methods. In this context, ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate (five-membered cyclic carbonates) are polymerized in this study by ring-opening polymerization in the presence of sodium stannate trihydrate as a catalyst. Comprehensive microstructural analysis of the polymers was conducted by advanced one-dimensional (1H, 13C, DEPT-135o, & DEPT-90o) and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC & HMBC). The analysis revealed the co-existence of carbonate and ether units in polymer chain. Conversion and average ratio of carbonate to ether linkages of the polymer chains is quantified by 1H-NMR. Molar mass progression was evaluated by size exclusion chromatography. Selectivity of polymerization of both monomers with regard to polymerization speed, molar mass augmentation and relative ether to carbonate content as a function of polymerization conditions (such as temperature, monomer to initiator ratio, polymerization time and catalyst concentration) are evaluated. The polymers synthesized by ROP of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are named as poly(ethylene ether-carbonate) and poly(propylene ether-carbonate), respectively. Furthermore, novel amphiphilic biodegradable di- and tri-block copolymers based on ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate as hydrophobic segment while using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s and poly(ethylene glycol)s of varying molar masses as macro-initiator, were synthesized. Earlier elution of block copolymer from macro-initiator in size exclusion chromatography (SEC) indicated the successful synthesis of the block copolymers. Ratios of both types of blocks are varied systematically. Liquid chromatography at critical conditions for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks are established to analyze the individual block length of non-critical blocks, and presence or absence of free critical blocks in the samples. Liquid chromatographic critical conditions of polymer synthesized by ROP of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, poly (ethylene ether-carbonate) and poly(propylene ether-carbonate) respectively, were established for the first time. The established chromatographic critical points of PEG, PEEC and PPEC successfully tracked presence of homopolymers along with estimation of individual block lengths of the block copolymers. The synthesized biodegradable block copolymers can open new possibilities for modern drug delivery systems due to slow degradation rate and non-acid biodegradation products of polycarbonates.