ذبح سے پہلے عمل تدویخ اور معاصر فقہی تحقیقات

Stunning is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious, with or without killing the animal, when or immediately prior to slaughtering them for food. In modern slaughterhouses a variety of stunning methods are used on livestock. Methods include: Electrical stunning, Gas stunning, Percussive stunning. There are three opinions of Islamic scholars about stunning. Those scholars; who do not allow stunning at all; are of the view that the method of rendering animals unconscious before slaughter is against the shairah method and Sunnah, and it is Makrooh e Teḥreemi. Before slaughtering, if an animal died due to stunning, then that animal is carcass and is not allowed to be eaten. But, if before slaughter, ḥayat e Mustaqirrah is present in animal and it is slaughtered in that condition then it is permissible to eat it. Certain scholars allow stunning in certain situations with some terms and conditions. The decisions of Mjam e Faqhiyyah of modern age are also based on conditional permission. Moreover, Mufti Muḥammad Taqi Usmani, Dr. Wahabah  Zoḥaili and Abdul Aziz Bin Baaz agree with conditional permission, while some other scholars allow all types of stunning without any condition; Mufti Muḥammad Abduho and his pupil Allamah Rasheed Raza Miṣri agree with later opinion.

Risk Management in Islamic Banking: Throwing Caution to the Wind or Playing It Safe.

Effective risk management is essential for the growth and safety of the banks, either Islamic or conventional, and its importance is increasing over time, particularly after the great recession. Although risk management in Islamic banking is one of the major concerns of the sector, it is still an under-researched area of study, especially in the local context. Effective risk management in Islamic banking deserves priority attention unless the sector establishes its own genuine risk management architecture. Therefore, the study of risk management issues of the Islamic banking sector is an important but complex area, in the age of black swans, difficulties and complications.This study reviews the relevant literature on Islamic banking risk management from diverse methodological strands and synthesizes its conclusions to make an addition to the available literature. This study adopts a mixed method sequential triangulation methodology in which qualitative research is followed by quantitative research, where both research designs carry equal weight. The sample of the study consists of five full-fledged Islamic banks and sixteen conventional banks with Islamic windows in Pakistan. The study collects and analyze primary data. It is conducted in two sequential phases to achieve the study goals. Firstly, this study develops a qualitative system dynamic model by using system thinking approach to sketch causal relationships among risk management policies and various types of Islamic banking risks. For this purpose, primary data is collected from the experts of the field through semi-structured interviews. This system dynamic model provides a detailed and comprehensive explanation of the risk management structure of Pakistani Islamic banking institutions. Quantitative research is conducted in the second phase of the study to evaluate and examine some vital facets of risk management policies that are in practice in the Pakistani Islamic banking institutions. To achieve this objective, the study utilizes survey method using self-administrated questionnaires for data collection and performs descriptive statistics, regression and correlation analysis to answer the research questions. According to the results, it is vital for Islamic Banking Institutions to develop an effective risk management framework for identifying, analyzing, measuring, monitoring and controlling various important conventional and non-conventional risks. Furthermore, by considering the principles and guidelines provided by the State Bank of Pakistan, development of a rigorous and comprehensive risk management structure in the Pakistani Islamic banking Institutions is not only useful for the fulfilment of regulatory requirements, but it is also vital for the success and survival of these institutions. It should also be noted that the findings of the study have policy-making implications which could benefit regulatory bodies, academia, policymakers, practitioners, Shariah scholars and institutional stakeholders.