سید ہاشم علی اختر صاحب
افسوس ہے کہ ۱۴؍ جون ۲۰۰۳ء کو جناب سید ہاشم علی اختر شکاگو میں وفات پاگئے، اناﷲ و انا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ جامعہ عثمانیہ کے مایہ ناز فرزند، حیدرآباد کے نام ور شخص اور ملک کے بڑے دانشور تھے، ان کو ملک کی دو شہرہ آفاق یونیورسٹیوں جامعہ عثمانیہ حیدرآباد اور علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی کا وائس چانسلر ہونے کا فخر بھی حاصل ہوا۔
جناب ہاشم علی اختر کی پیدائش ۶؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۲۴ء کو حیدرآباد میں ہوئی تھی، شروع کی تعلیم مدرسوں میں ہوئی، ۱۹۳۸ء میں انہوں نے جامعہ عثمانیہ سے بی ایس سی اور ۱۹۴۴ء میں ایم ایس سی کیا، ان کی طبیعت کا رجحان علم و تعلیم کی طرف تھا، اس لیے شروع میں درس و تدریس ہی کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوئے، پہلے سٹی ہائی اسکول میں مدرس ہوئے پھر سٹی کالج میں جونیئر لکچرر ہوئے، مگر ان میں نظم و نسق کی صلاحیت بھی بہ درجہ اتم تھی، اس لیے جلد ہی انتظامی شعبے سے ان کا تعلق ہوگیا اور ۱۹۴۶ء میں وہ حیدرآباد سیول سروس کے لیے منتخب ہوگئے، اس کے بعد آئی۔اے۔ایس کے لیے ان کا انتخاب ہوا اور ڈپٹی کلکٹر کے عہدے پر تقرر ہوا جس سے ترقی کرتے ہوئے پرنسپل سکریڑی کے عہدے پر فائز ہوئے۔
ہاشم صاحب کو نظم و نسق کا اچھا سلیقہ تھا، ایک کامیاب اور نیک نام آئی اے ایس آفیسر کی حیثیت سے ان کو بڑی عزت و شہرت ملی، سکریٹریٹ کی اچھی کارکردگی اور خوش انتطامی ہی کی وجہ سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد حکومت نے ۱۹۸۲ء میں انہیں جامعہ عثمانیہ حیدرآباد کا وائس چانسلر مقرر کردیا، ابھی اس کی میعاد مکمل نہیں ہوئی تھی کہ ۱۹۸۵ء میں علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کے وائس چانسلر کے لیے ان کا انتخاب ہوگیا۔
وائس چانسلر کی حیثیت سے ان کی کارکردگی...
Hafiz Ibn-e-Kaseer’s ‘Al-Bidaya Wan-Nehaya’ maintains a remarkable position in the field of historiography. In this valuable book, he has described the occurrences of the important nations of the past and the epochs of the previous Prophets up to his own era. Although ‘Al-Bidaya Wan-Nehaya’ is basically a book of ‘History’, yet the worthy author has referred to numerous salient events pertaining to the life and mission of the holy Prophet (SAW). A considerable portion of the book, about two thousand pages, relates to the biograph of the Holy Prophet (SAW). Hafiz Ibn-e-Kaseer’s mode of ‘Seerah-writing’ differs from all other biographers in certain aspects. There are some distinctive marks which distinguish his biography from others. The following Article is an analytic account of the characteristic features and merits as well as deficiencies and shortcomings of ‘Al-Bidaya wan-Nehaya’ with special reference to the science ‘Seerat-Writing’ and it aims at determining its credibility as a source of Prophetic Biography
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a useful tool that enables highly cost-effective numerical solutions for the problems related to fluid flow phenomena, which in turn results in the state-of-the-art product designs in a variety of engineering sectors. CFD has made remarkable progress due to continuous growth in computing capabilities. Further increase in the computing power urges the computational scientists for even more detailed and in-depth analyses. Better understanding of the flow phenomena, however, requires higher order/resolution solutions, which in turn requires more and more computing power due to increase in the number of degrees of freedom. The present thesis is to contribute in the endeavor of addressing these two challenges, i.e., to provide higher order numerical solutions in fluid mechanics and to fulfill the demand of computing power. The first objective is addressed by presenting a high order flow solver for compressible fluid flow problems and the second objective is addressed by developing a high performance parallel implementation of the flow solver. The present work is aimed at developing a scalable and efficient parallel program based on a high order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method with Taylor series basis for the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured meshes. The numeri- cal scheme is capable of efficiently simulating the physics of the flow problems consid- ered, including subsonic and transonic compressible inviscid flows around two well known benchmark airfoils. The parallel code employs the DG method for the space discretiza- tion of the governing equations to obtain a semi-discrete form and various explicit and implicit schemes for time integration of this semi-discrete form. The explicit time inte- gration scheme is based on three-stage third-order Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) Runge-Kutta (RK) method. The implicit time integration scheme for the Euler equa- tions is based on Backward Euler scheme. The resulting system of algebraic equations iis solved using a variety of so-called matrix-free parallel linear solvers, including Symmet- ric Gauss-Seidel (SGS) method, Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LUSGS) method and Generalized Minimum Residual (GMRES) method preconditioned with LUSGS (i.e., GMRES+LUSGS). In this work, a parallel p-multigrid solver for the Euler equations is also presented. Unlike the other p-multigrid solvers where the same time integration scheme is used on all the approximation levels, the present two-level p-multigrid solver uses the Runge-Kutta scheme as the iterative smoother on the higher level approximation, and the matrix-free GMRES+LUSGS method as the iterative smoother on the lower level approximation in an attempt to significantly reduce the computer memory requirements. In this thesis, inviscid flow computations are accurate up to the fourth order of polynomial approximation whereas the viscous flow computations are accurate up to the third order of polynomial approximation. The parallel DG flow solver is based on distributed memory programming model, making use of the message passing approach for communications among the parallel processes. Two kinds of so called commodity parallel systems are used as the platform for per- forming parallel computations. The first kind of parallel systems are the clusters in which the worker nodes are interconnected using some networking technology. The other kind of parallel systems are the multicore SMP machines. The parallelization is based on Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) parallel programming model that has been em- ployed by making use of a computational domain partitioning technique and the de-facto industry standard Message Passing Interface (MPI) library for inter-process communica- tions. Favorable parallelization characteristics of the discontinuous Galerkin method have also been exploited by hiding the communications behind the computations. The parallel performance of the developed code, in terms of scaling of the speedup with respect to the number of processes, is demonstrated.