5 ۔ حدِخمر
لغوی معنی
خمر ڈھانپنے کو کہتے ہیں، جیسا کہ ابن فارس نے خمر کی یوں تعریف کی ہے
الخاء والميم والراء أصلٌ واحد يدلُّ على التغطية، والمخالطةِ في سَتْر. فالخَمْرُ: الشَّراب المعروف.122
"خَمَرَ اصل ہے یہ ڈھانپنے اور خلط ملط ہونے پر دلا لت کرتا ہے اور الخمر مشہور شراب کو کہتے ہیں۔ "
خمرایسا نشہ والا انگور کا پانی جو عقل کو ڈھا نپ لے ،جیسے ابن منظور تحریر کرتے ہیں
والخَمْرُ ما أَسْكَرَ من عصير العنب لأَنها خامرت العقل والتَّخْمِيرُ التغطية يقال خَمَّرَ وجْهَهُ وخَمِّرْ إِناءك والمُخامَرَةُ المخالطة۔ 123
" خمر جو نشہ دلائے انگور کے نچڑے ہوئے پانی سے اس لیے کہ یہ عقل کو ڈھانپ لیتی ہے اور تخمیر کا معنی ہے ڈھانپنا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے اس نے اپنے چہر ے کو ڈھانپ لیا اور مخامرۃ کا معنی ہے خلط ملط ہو جانا۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم : امام راغب اصفہانی کے نزدیک خمر سے مراد
والخمر سمیت لکونھا خامرۃلمقرالعقلوھوعندبعضالناساسم لکل مسکر۔ 124
"خمر نشہ ہے کیونکہ وہ عقل کو ڈھانپ لیتی ہے۔ بعض لوگوں کے نزدیک ہر نشہ آور چیز پر خمر کا لفظ بولا جاتا ہے۔ "
شراب نوشی کی حرمت
نشہ آور چیزوں میں سے جو عقل و فہم اور شعور کے لئے مہلک ہیں شراب نوشی کو نمایاں مقام حاصل ہے اور دوسری نشہ آور چیزیں انہی کے حکم میں آتی ہیں زمانہ جاہلیت میں شراب پینے پلانے کا رواج عام تھا حضور ﷺ کی آمد اور نبوت سے امت اور انسانیت کی اصلاح کام شروع ہوا تو جہاں زندگی کے دوسرے گوشوں کی اصلاح کا انتظام ہوا وہاں شراب نوشی کے سلسلے میں بھی اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہدایات دیں اور شراب کے مفاسد و نقصانات اور حرمت بتلا کر لوگوں کے دلوں میں اس کی نفرت ڈال کر تدریجاً اس کے احکام نازل فرمائے۔...
Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition related to the development of the brain that can lead to persistent challenges with socialization, restricted interests, and repeated behaviour. Diagnosis for ASD is used as a basis of DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder) produced by American Psychiatric Association. ASD is observed in children during early years of life and significantly affects an individual’s wellbeing. Autism has remained a mystery for many specialists and researchers for years. Although the cause of autism is still unknown, a number of strategies have been developed that have helped so many people around the world to live independently. So far there are no authentic facts for ASD prevalence in Pakistan however the statistics is roughly calculated from South Asia that ASD might be as common in Pakistan as somewhere else around the world. In a country like Pakistan where Autism is still a new phenomenon especially in rural areas, we have very restricted qualified human resources to provide a reliable rehabilitation service for a child with ASD and their family. Apart from that due to inadequate awareness exposure, knowledge, and incompetency in diagnosis, these children go undiagnosed and are mishandled.
This research titled, “Evaluation of Education System in Universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Suggestions to Meet Future Challenges” was a survey research. The objectives of the study were; (i) To evaluate the role of University of Peshawar (UOP) and Gomal University (GU) in imparting higher education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), (ii) To compare prevalent physical infrastructure and instructional systems of both the universities, (iii) To examine the evaluation system of both the universities, (iv) To suggest the possible solutions to meet future challenges at university level. The study was delimited to (i) All campuses of University of Peshawar and Gomal University in KP (ii) Academic Sessions 2014-2016 and (iii) Regular faculty xi of both the universities (iv) Faculty of Social Sciences including the Institutes of Education and Research. Other departments are Political Science, Economics, Law, Journalism & Mass-Communication, Arabic & Islamic studies and Institute of Management Studies/ Public Administration which were common in the University of Peshawar and Gomal University D.I.Khan during the survey. From the analysis of data, it was found that at UOP classrooms were well equipped and furnished and provisions of all electronic facilities such as multimedia, internet and PowerPoint were available for effective teaching learning process. Whereas in Gomal University classrooms were not well equipped and furnished. At University of Peshawar departmental library fulfilled the needs of the students regarding provision of relevant/reference books and other facilities. While in Gomal University departmental library did not fulfill the needs of the students. Curriculum of the both universities at various educational levels was at par with other national universities. At UOP priority was given to research by providing adequate research facilities such as grant for research activities and organization of national/international research conferences, whereas GU did not provide such facilities to the faculty. The study recommends that physical facilities such as furnished classrooms, IT rooms, labs, multimedia, internet and stationary shop may be provided through developmental funds to the students and faculty of Gomal University. Further university management may do efforts to enhance the funding from HEC, philanthropists and national/international donors. Further it is recommended that as library is a major source of knowledge and information for students and faculty. Therefore the departmental libraries of Gomal University may be provided with adequate subject books/reference books, ejournals/ books and PCs with internet access for students and faculty by allocating adequate funds. Research is a major function of the university. Therefore the study recommends that priority may be given for provision of research facilities such as grant for research activities and organization of national/international research conferences in Gomal University by allocating adequate funds for research from HEC and other donor agencies.