پروفیسر نورالحسن کی رحلت
ملک کے مشہور مورخ و عالم اور مغربی بنگال کے گورنر پروفیسر نورالحسن کی طبیعت عرصہ سے خراب تھی، وہ علاج کے لیے امریکہ جانے والے تھے کہ مرض میں شدت ہوگئی اور ۱۶؍ جون کو ایس۔ایس۔ایم اسپتال کلکتہ میں داخل ہوئے جہاں ۱۲؍ جولائی کو ۷۲ سال کی عمر میں رحلت فرماگئے اور جامعہ ملیہ اسلامیہ دہلی کے قبرستان میں دفن ہوئے۔
پروفیسر نورالحسن کا دادھیال اور نانہال کو علمی، تعلیمی اور دنیاوی حیثیت سے بڑی وجاہت حاصل تھی، ان کا اصل آبائی وطن فیض آباد تھا، ان کے والد عبدالمحسن مرحوم وہاں کے ڈپٹی کلکٹر بھی تھے، حسن خدمت کی بنا پر برطانوی حکومت نے ان کو خان بہادر کا خطاب دیا۔ وہ صوبائی سکریٹریٹ کے مختلف شعبوں میں جوائنٹ سکریٹری بھی رہے اور ریٹائرمنٹ کے بعد ریاست رام پور میں ایک اعلیٰ عہدہ پر فائز ہوئے، پھر شیعہ سنٹرل وقف بورڈ اترپردیش کے صدر مقرر ہوئے۔ نورالحسن مرحوم کا نانہال جونپور میں تھا وہ سروزیر حسن کے نواسے اور سید علی ظہیر اور سید سجاد ظہیر وغیرہ کے حقیقی بھانجے تھے، بعد میں نانہالی اور دادھیالی عزیز لکھنؤ میں متوطن ہوگئے، یہیں ۲۶؍ دسمبر ۱۹۲۱ء کو نورالحسن صاحب پیدا ہوئے تھے۔
ان کی تعلیم الٰہ آباد میں ہوئی، طالب علمی کے زمانے ہی سے تقریر میں وہ اپنا جوہر دکھلانے لگے تھے، اکثر تقریری مقابلوں میں انہیں فرسٹ پرائز ملتی۔ بعد میں وہ بہت اچھے مقرر ہوئے، وہ اسٹوڈنٹس فیڈریشن کے ممبر اور الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی یونین کے سکریٹری بھی رہے۔ پھر اعلیٰ تعلیم کے لیے برطانیہ گئے، ان کا خاص موضوع تاریخ تھا جس کے وہ ماہر و محقق تھے، ۱۹۵۰ء میں آکسفورڈ سے ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری لی۔
مرحوم کی عملی زندگی کا آغاز درس و تدریس سے ہوا، پہلے وہ لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی میں درس و تدریس...
In general, the results of research studies conducted by Professor Joseph Schacht and his fellows on criticism of Ahadith are contradictory with the results of Muslim Scholars. Muslim Scholars, point of view is that Muhaddithin have opposed, with full power, the condemnable tries for fabrication of Ahadith. Valuable principles for the identification of authentic and unauthentic traditions were the result of the struggles done by Muhaddithin. With the help of these principles the categorization of Ahadith came in to practical. Professor Joseph Schacht argues that the material presented as Ahadith and Sunna of Prophet by Muslim scholars is the production of later times. According to his point of view, there is no authentic hadith in the bulk of traditions and if assumed that there are few authentic, they are also mixed up with unauthentic and there is no possibility of identification of authentic one. This study is a try to identify the mistakes of his research approach.
Retail is the third largest sector of Pakistan after agriculture and industry, contributing 18% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). From the last few years, retail sector in Pakistan is witnessing exponential growth where local brands are expanding their foot prints and international brands are penetrating with larger scale. With these industry dynamics, it is very crucial for the organizational leaders to engage and retain right employees as it effects customer services, work environment and ultimately financial results of the business. This study investigated the relationship between perceived leadership style and employee engagement. The study also investigated the relationship between perceived leadership styles and behavioral outcomes of employee engagement. The study further investigated the moderating effect of psychological empowerment on the relationship between leadership styles and employee engagement. Survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 429 employees working in retail organizations. For data analysis, researcher used statistical software SPSS 22 to conduct descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, correlation and reliability analysis and AMOS 24 to conduct normality, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. The findings of the study in the socio-cultural context of Pakistan concluded that classical leadership style is negatively associated with employee engagement. However, transactional leadership style, visionary leadership style, and organic leadership style have positive relationship with employee engagement. The research also concluded that there is an inverse relationship between classical leadership style and behavioral outcomes ‘say’, ‘stay’ and ‘strive’ of employee engagement. Also, there is positive ii relationship between transactional leadership style, visionary leadership styles, organic leadership style and behavioral outcomes say, stay and strive of employee engagement. The study further concluded that psychological empowerment does not moderate the relationship between classical leadership style and employee engagement. It is also elucidated that psychological empowerment does not moderate the relationship between transactional leadership style and employee engagement. However, psychological empowerment restraints the positive relationship between visionary leadership style and employee engagement. Also, psychological empowerment restraints the positive relationship between organic leadership style and employee engagement. This study has theoretical as well as practical implications. This study is unique in Asian context; specially in the socio-cultural context of Pakistan. This study has significant contribution in retail sector as Pakistan has world’s fastest growing retail sector. This study has contributed in the theory by broadening the known understanding of leader member exchange theory in Asian context and in retail sector. This study has significant contribution for the industry practitioners as outcomes of this study are useful in leadership development strategies. This study has unique contribution as it has espoused Avery’s leadership paradigm which is rarely investigated in relationship with employee engagement and behavioral outcomes of employee engagement.