الہامی مذاہب میں مشترکہ اخلاقیات کا تصور

The purpose of this paper is to guide about the main reason of clashes between revealed religions in the society. We do not clarify our vision regarding religion. People do not know about the basic ethics of our religions. So, it creates moral illness in the society. We have narrow approaches about religion and took it in very conservative thoughts. For getting out of extreme level of destruction and moral degradation it is necessary to build a universal society which consists of those social values which are common in all religions. People are inclined towards ills and far away from God that is why our society is a victim of destruction. These ills made them to go far away from God and religion. In the present era the situation is the same, people do not understand the religion properly. Only through this proper understanding, destruction, prejudice, extremism and cruelty can be removed from the society. All the religions have some common features as justice, honesty, courtesy, patience etc these features are the ethical as well as religious codes of a society and if all people follow these features an ideal society can be established. This study covers revealed religions all around the world.

Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Containing Polycarbonates

Aliphatic polycarbonates are a newly emerging class of synthetic biodegradable polymers which are gaining attention due to their applications in biomedical fields including bond fixation, artificial skin, suture filaments, ligature clamps, devices for controlled drug release, bioresorbable prostheses, etc. Aliphatic polycarbonates possess several advantages compared to polyesters (other synthetic biodegradable polymers) that includes their resistance to acidic hydrolysis, thermal and hydrolytic stability, slow degradation rate and non-acidic degradation products. Most widely employed monomer for synthesis of aliphatic polycarbonate is trimethylene carbonate, a six membered cyclic carbonate, and its derivatives. Five-membered cyclic carbonates are not given much attention despite their huge potential as building blocks of biodegradable polymers. Polymerization of five-membered cyclic carbonates is associated with fractional decarboxylation during polymerization that leads to presence of ether linkages alongside targeted carbonate linkages. The demand of polycarbonates is significantly increasing due to their applications in various fields that inspired the improvement of synthesis methods. In this context, ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate (five-membered cyclic carbonates) are polymerized in this study by ring-opening polymerization in the presence of sodium stannate trihydrate as a catalyst. Comprehensive microstructural analysis of the polymers was conducted by advanced one-dimensional (1H, 13C, DEPT-135o, & DEPT-90o) and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC & HMBC). The analysis revealed the co-existence of carbonate and ether units in polymer chain. Conversion and average ratio of carbonate to ether linkages of the polymer chains is quantified by 1H-NMR. Molar mass progression was evaluated by size exclusion chromatography. Selectivity of polymerization of both monomers with regard to polymerization speed, molar mass augmentation and relative ether to carbonate content as a function of polymerization conditions (such as temperature, monomer to initiator ratio, polymerization time and catalyst concentration) are evaluated. The polymers synthesized by ROP of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are named as poly(ethylene ether-carbonate) and poly(propylene ether-carbonate), respectively. Furthermore, novel amphiphilic biodegradable di- and tri-block copolymers based on ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate as hydrophobic segment while using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s and poly(ethylene glycol)s of varying molar masses as macro-initiator, were synthesized. Earlier elution of block copolymer from macro-initiator in size exclusion chromatography (SEC) indicated the successful synthesis of the block copolymers. Ratios of both types of blocks are varied systematically. Liquid chromatography at critical conditions for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks are established to analyze the individual block length of non-critical blocks, and presence or absence of free critical blocks in the samples. Liquid chromatographic critical conditions of polymer synthesized by ROP of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, poly (ethylene ether-carbonate) and poly(propylene ether-carbonate) respectively, were established for the first time. The established chromatographic critical points of PEG, PEEC and PPEC successfully tracked presence of homopolymers along with estimation of individual block lengths of the block copolymers. The synthesized biodegradable block copolymers can open new possibilities for modern drug delivery systems due to slow degradation rate and non-acid biodegradation products of polycarbonates.