پروفیسر جگن ناتھ آزاد
ایک شریف اور باکمال انسان
۲۴؍ اگست ۲۰۰۴ء کو ملک کے مایہ ناز شاعر و ادیب، مشہور محقق و نقاد، اقبالیات کے ماہر اور اس کے پایہ شناس جناب جگن ناتھ آزاد اردو دنیا کو سوگوار اور مغموم چھوڑ کر چلے گئے، وہ اردو، اردو ثقافت، ملک کی گنگا جمنی تہذیب، فرقہ وارانہ ہم آہنگی، رواداری، وسیع المشربی اور بھائی چارگی کے علم بردار تھے، ان کی وفات پر کن کن چیزوں کا نوحہ و ماتم کیا جائے۔
جگن ناتھ آزاد صاحب ۱۵؍ دسمبر ۱۹۱۸ء کو مغربی پنجاب (پاکستان) کے شہر عیسیٰ خیل میں پیدا ہوئے جو ضلع میان والی کی ایک تحصیل تھا، ان کے والد پنڈت تلوک چند محروم پیشے کے اعتبار سے معلم تھے مگر خاندانی شرافت اور کمال کے ساتھ ایک صاحب ذوق اور بڑے قادر الکلام شاعر تھے، ان کا شمار اردو کے استاد شعرا میں ہوتا تھا، آزاد صاحب کو علم و ادب کا فطری ذوق تھا جس کو ان کے والد کی صحبت و تربیت نے بہت چمکا دیا تھا، ان کی ابتدائی تعلیم عیسیٰ خیل میں ہوئی، میانوالی سے میٹرک کا امتحان پاس کیا، ۱۹۳۵ء میں ڈی اے وی کالج راولپنڈی سے انٹرمیڈیٹ کیا اور ۱۹۳۷ء میں گارڈن کالج راولپنڈی سے بی اے کیا، ۱۹۴۴ء میں پنجاب یونیورسٹی لاہور سے فارسی میں ایم، اے کیا۔
وہ شروع ہی سے صحافت سے وابستہ رہے جب وہ انٹر کررہے تھے تو کالج میگزین کی ادارت ان کو سپرد کی گئی، اسی زمانے سے مضامین بھی لکھنے لگے تھے، نظم گوئی کی ابتدا اس سے بھی پہلے ہوچکی تھی، ان کا پہلا مقالہ ’’اقبال کی منظر نگاری‘‘ کے عنوان سے میاں بشیر احمد کے مشہور ادبی ماہنامہ ’’ہمایوں‘‘ لاہور میں چھپا، ۱۹۴۱ء میں ماہنامہ ’’ادبی دنیا‘‘ لاہور کی مجلس ادارت میں شامل ہوئے، ۱۹۴۶ء میں اردو روزنامہ...
Man is always trying to make his life easier and accomplished. He has faced mass destruction in history due to epidemics like small pox, malaria and plague. In order to combat diseases, exploration of man led him to search for causative agents and their control. A time reached when it was found that microbes are themselves a source of potent metabolites which have proved to be effective as drugs and medicines showing great antibiotic activity. It is necessary to find out new sources for potential new antimicrobial compounds. Several hundred important compounds have been isolated which have antibiotic activities and diverse chemical nature. But these compounds should have minimum toxicity to be useful clinically. Because of the increasing resistance of pathogens, there was a never ending desire and need to search for more. Bioactive Compounds have been extracted from microbes which are produced as secondary metabolites. Day by day, new compounds are being discovered giving a hope of golden future of drug industry. The current article emphasizes the importance and need to search for new bioactive compoundsto overcome infections caused by multiple drug resistant (MDR) and biofilm forming pathogens irrespective of the previously present knowledge.
The present study deals with the isolation and optimization of lipase production from the new isolates of Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus and their application in the biodiesel production by using non-conventional feed stock. The isolation of lipase producing fungal and bacterial strains was carried out from the local habitats. Maximum lipase activity was achieved by using Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus when the culture media were supplemented with 1.0% and 1.5% olive oil, respectively. The culture media M6 and BM4 gave maximum lipase activity for Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus, respectively. Highest lipase yield by Aspergillus terreus was achieved after 72 hrs of incubation at 30oC at a pH of 6.0 while highest lipase activity by Bacillus pumilus was achieved after 48 hrs of incubation at 37oC at a pH of 7.5. Maximum lipase activity by Bacillus pumilus was achieved when 1.5% peptone and 1.0% glucose were used as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively while Aspergillus terreus gave maximum lipase activity by using 1.0% peptone and 2.0% glucose as nitrogen and carbon sources. The partial purification of Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus lipases was achieved at 80% and 60% ammonium sulphate saturations while further purification of microbial lipases was carried out by using Anion exchange and cation exchange chromatography for Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus lipases, respectively and the purification folds of 2.600 and 1.835 were achieved, respectively. The Lewatit VPOC 1600 (Lanxess, Germany) was proved to be the best support for the immobilization of microbial lipases with the coupling yields of 76.220% and 89.731% for Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus, respectively. These microbial lipases were then used as catalysts with different non-conventional oils to produce biodiesel. Different algal oils, yeast oils, used cooking oil and non edible plant oils were subjected to chemical and enzymatic transesterification reactions. The percentage yield of Lewatit immobilized Bacillus pumilus lipase was 87% which was higher as compared to free lipase i.e., 66%. Different physico-chemical properties of non-conventional oils were also evaluated. Response surface quadratic models were used for the optimization of biodiesel production by using the Lewatit immobilized Bacillus pumilus lipase. The fuel properties and exhaust emission studies of enzymatically synthesized biodiesel showed that there was a significant decrease in the exhaust emissions of all the biodiesel blends so biodiesel synthesized in the present study was more environment friendly than conventional diesel fuel.