آہ جواہر لال
ہندوستان کی عظمت کا آفتاب غروب ہوگیا
جس نازک وقت کا خطرہ کروڑوں دلوں کو مضطرب کیے رہتا تھا بالآخر پیش آکر رہا اور جو آواز تقریباً نصف صدی تک ہندوستان کے در و دیوار میں گونجتی رہی ہمیشہ کے لیے خاموش ہوگئی وہ حیات آفریں جس نے ہندوستان کی مردہ رگوں میں زندگی کی روح پھونکی، خود موت کے آغوش میں سوگیا۔ وہ آفتاب جس کی ضیاباریوں نے نہ صرف ہندوستان کو منور کیا بلکہ دوسرے ملکوں تک اس کی روشنی پھیلی، ۲۷؍ مئی کو عین دوپہر کے وقت ہمیشہ کے لیے غروب ہوگیا۔ پنڈت جواہر لال کی موت ایسا حادثہ نہیں جس کو زمانہ کی گردش بھلاسکے، ان کا جسم گوخاک میں مل چکا ہے لیکن ان کی روح ہندوستان میں ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گی اور اس کے ذر ے ذرے پر ان کا نام ثبت رہے گا۔
وہ آزاد ہندوستان ہی کے بانی اور اس کے معمار نہ تھے، بلکہ پورے ایشیا کی آبرو اور دنیا کی عظیم شخصیتوں میں تھے، ہندوستان نے اب تک جتنی بڑی شخصیتیں پیدا کیں ان میں بعض قدیم مذہبی پیشواؤں کو چھوڑ کر پنڈت جواہر لال کا درجہ سب میں بلند تھا، انھوں نے نصف صدی تک ہندوستان کی مسلسل اور ان تھک خدمت کی، وہ جنگ آزادی کے سپہ سالار بھی تھے، آزاد ہندوستان کے معمار بھی اور اس کے محبوب لیڈر بھی، اس لیے انھوں نے دلوں پر حکمرانی کی اور کل سترہ سال میں جو قوموں اور ملکوں کی عمر کے لحاظ سے نہایت قلیل مدت ہے، ہندوستان کا درجہ ساری دنیا میں بلند کردیا۔
پنڈت جواہر لال کی جیسی تاریخ ساز شخصیتیں صدیوں میں پیدا ہوتی ہیں اور اپنا نام صفحہ عالم پر ہمیشہ کے لیے ثبت کرجاتی ہیں، ان میں جتنے اوصاف جمع تھے مشکل ہی سے کسی ایک انسان...
It is important to know that how the whole system of Madrasah education was evolved and what were various trends which contributed in shaping the whole system of religious Education in the Muslim world, particularly. I this article I will be presenting a comparative analysis of some important Religious Education systems prevalent in prominent Muslim Countries to demonstrate that how same institutions can develop on different lines due to application of certain approaches by state. Here I will be making a comparison of five Muslim countries namely Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Indonesia and Bangladesh. Under this comparison I would try to illustrate briefly that how different contexts actually shape and direct the overall approach, methodology and pedagogical methods of these institutions. And I will try Here I will make comparison of four major religious education institutions working in four different Muslim countries namely
The increasing demand for nutraceuticals indicates that consumers are more concerned about a particular diet associated with good health and lower risk for certain ailments. Mushrooms can be used as functional food and as a source of nutraceuticals. The present study on the nutritional and biochemical characterization of wild and commercial mushrooms collected from Pakistan. Wild Ganoderma lucidum was collected from Jinnah gardenFaisalabad, while two commercial locally cultivated mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Volvariela volvacea and two commercially available exotic mushrooms Lentinus edodes and Hericium erinaceus were collected from local market. Proximate analysis of the selected mushrooms showed that protein, carbohydrate and fiber contents were present in significant amounts whereas the values were low for fats and energy. Crude protein contents were higher in V. volvacea and fiber contents were much higher in G. lucidum. Bioaccumulation capabilities studies of mushrooms revealed that the selected mushrooms are good bioaccumulators of macro and micronutrients; making them good source of essential and non-essential minerals. Phosphorous, potassium, magnesium and Iron were prevalent in V. volvacea whereas calcium and sodium were significantly higher in P. ostreatus. Wild G. lucidum contained more potassium and low sodium. Amino acid profile showed eight essential and nine non-essential amino acids were present in all the selected mushrooms. Glutamine, aspratate, arginine and tyrosine were found in significant amount in P. ostreatus whereas V. volvacea contained proline, cystine and alanine in high concentration. For the assessment of antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic (brine shrimp) studies the mushrooms were extracted in ethanol and further fractionated in different solvents with ascending polarity (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water). The water fractions exhibited good antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. V. volvacea and H. erinaceus had high phenolic contents while flavonoid contents were observed higher in P. ostreatus. Selected mushrooms were found nontoxic against Brine shrimps nauplii (Artemiasalina). Mushrooms extracts and fractions showed activity indicative of thrombolytic and anticancer properties, which were directly proportional to concentration, time of incubation and amount of extract. Mushrooms showed inhibition against tyrosinase and α-glucosidase enzymes. P. ostreatus was the best tyrosinase inhibitor with least IC50 value among the selected commercial mushrooms whereas α-glucosidase activity was very high in G. lucidum. Phyto-constituents (phenolic acids, tocopherol and lutein) were also identified and quantified by HPLC. Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p.cumaric acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acids were more frequent in H. erinaceus and V. volvacea. Fatty acids profile by GC/MS recorded that unsaturated fatty acids were more prevalent over the saturated fatty acids except G. lucidum, which contained more saturated fatty acids. Monosaccharide linkage analysis showed that glucose is the main sugar, while small amounts of D-galactose and D-mannose were also present. Methylation analysis revealed the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan as major components and xyloglucan and glucosamannan as minor components. The results from our studies confirm similar reports by others as well as showed indicator compounds that could have been responsible for their activity against infectious diseases caused by microbes, acclaimed traditional system of medicine. Further studies to substantiate our findings and their development into healthy nutritious food are recommended.