Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Validation of software test metrics in Pakistan software industry:an empirical study

Validation of software test metrics in Pakistan software industry:an empirical study

Thesis Info

Author

Farzana Bibi

Supervisor

Wasif Afzal

Department

Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xviii,163

Subject

Computer Science

Language

English

Other

MS 005.1 ZAF

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676724237682

Similar


Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

شاہ فیصل شہید

فیصل، شاہ ( شہید )
کل شیء ھالک الا وجھہ
گزشتہ مہینہ شاہ فیصل کاحادثۂ شہادت موجودہ حالات میں عالم اسلام کا سب سے بڑا المیہ ہے جس کی شدت کوایک مدت تک فراموش نہ کیاجاسکے گا۔ مرحوم اس زمانہ میں عالم اسلام کی آبرو، عزت و وقار اورتمکنت تھے۔ قدرت نے انھیں سوز اورساز دونوں نعمتوں سے نوازا تھا۔کہنے کوخادم حرمین شریفین تھے لیکن درحقیقت وہ پاسبان ونگہبان حرم اسلام تھے۔ نورایمان ویقین ان کاجوہر ذاتی، تعامل بالکتاب والسنۃ ان کاآئین حقیقی، فہم وفراست اورتدبر و دوراندیشی ان کی طبیعت کے گوہر آبدار تھے۔ مرحوم کی سربراہی کی مدت گیارہ برس سے زیادہ نہیں ہے، اوریہ وہ زمانہ ہے جب کہ عالم اسلام اندرونی وبیرونی اسباب وعوامل کے باعث شدید کشمکش امید وبیم سے دوچار تھااوراس کے سرپر اضطراب وتشویش کی قیامتیں مچل رہی تھیں، لیکن شاہ فیصل کی قائدانہ بصیرت وبصارت نے وہ معجزہ نمائی کی کہ عالم ہی دوسرا ہوگیا۔ امریکہ جواس وقت دنیا کی سب سے بڑی طاقت و قوت ہے اورسیاست’’ فرنگ‘‘__جواس دور کا سب سے بڑاحربہ ہے، دونوں نے اس طرح سپرافگنی کی کہ روس اورامریکہ کے بجائے عالم کی نظریں شاہ کی جنبش مژگان وآبروپرمرتکز ہوگئیں اورامریکہ کے ٹائمز وغیرہ کوتسلیم کرنا پڑا کہ اس زمانہ کاسب سے بڑاسیاسی اورطاقتور انسان شاہ فیصل ہیں۔ یہ انھی کا حوصلہ تھا کہ عرب کی طاقت کالوہا دنیا سے منوالیا،انھوں نے عرب ممالک میں اتحاد پیدا کیا، انھیں خوداعتمادی سکھائی، عرب قومیت کی لعنت سے نجات دلا کرانھیں صراط مستقیم پر گامزن کیا۔ان کے دل میں اسلام اورمسلمانوں کادرد کوٹ کوٹ کر بھرا ہوا تھا۔ انھوں نے اربوں اورکھربوں روپیہ سے ضرورت مند عرب اوردوسرے عرب اسلامی ممالک کی بے تحاشا مدد کی، دنیا میں جہاں کہیں بھی مسلمان آباد ہیں ان پر اُن کی نگاہ رہتی اوراُن کے فوزوفلاح کی تدبیر...

سماحت اور رہبانیت: شاہ ولی اللہ کا موقف

The hall mark of Shah Waliullah has been advocate moderation and the communal spirit of Isla shuns worldly attitude and abhors rejection of the wor and offers a middle path. There is no extremism in Isla and Shah Wali Ullah has preached the same. The juris the Sufis and the Muhaddisseen have taken up a differe line of thinking regarding "Tassawwuf" --- yet th essential spirit of Islam is the path of moderation. T spiritualism and physical world has to be kept in balance— with moderation and balance. It is this aspect of Sha Waliullah's writings that has been highlighted in th article.

Nutritional, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Boerhavia Procumbens

Boerhavia procumbens is an herbaceous, perennial creeping weed and native of Pakistan, belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae. In the folk medicine B. procumbens has been used in the treatment of different diseases containing jaundice, hepatitis, and asthma. This research work was design to investigate the crude methanolic extract, its various solvents soluble fractions and isolated compounds of B. procumbens for biological activities (in-vitro and in-vivo) along with chemical composition to provide a valid scientific rationale to its ethno-medicinal uses. In the proximate analysis, the protein (37.46 ± 0.02 %) and inorganic matter (21.25 ± 0.032 %) of the roots were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the aerial parts (2.18 ± 0.04 %, 6.78 ± 0.05). The highest value of Nitrogen-free extract (75.56 ± 0.046 %) was found in aerial parts as compared to roots (31.22 ± 0.05 %). Calcium and potassium were significantly highest (p<0.05) elements in the inorganic matter analysis of aerial parts than roots. The essential amino acid, arginine (8.89 ± 0.08 g/100g) and tryptophan (3.49 ± 0.08 g/100g) was found significantly higher (p < 0.05) in roots than aerial parts while non-essential amino acid, aspartic acid (31.25 ± 0.08 g/100g) and glutamic acid (25.27 ± 0.06 g/100g) were reported higher in aerial parts than roots of B. procumbens. Qualitative phytochemical screening of B. Procumbens showed that phenols, flavonoids and cardiac glycoside were present in crude methanolic extract while only phenolic and flavonoidal contents were determined quantitatively in extract and its different solvent fractions. The EtOAc solvent fraction showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50: 40.24 μg/mL) when compared to standard (Ascorbic acid, IC50: 28.78μg/ml). The antibacterial activity of dichloremethane (DCM) solvent fraction (12 ± 0.12 mm) showed good zone of inhibition against Xanthomonas campestris while ethyl acetate fraction exhibited maximum activity against E.coli (11.8 ± 0.14 mm). In the antifungal activity only n-hexane fraction (23.2 ± 0.20 mm) showed comparable inhibition against Fusarium oxysporum to that of standard (23.6 ± 0.16 mm). The DCM fraction (90 %) exhibited a highest cytotoxicity activity against brine shrimp at high concentration (1000 μg/mL) whereas, moderate cytotoxic effect (60 and 10 %) was observed at lower concentrations (100 and 10 μg/mL), respectively. The larvicidal effect against 3rd instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus of leaf extract and n-hexane fraction showed highest percent mortality (100 % and 96 %) at high concentration (400 μg /ml) with LD50 value of 26.84 and 46.98 μg /ml. The DCM fraction showed outstanding phytotoxic potential (50, 63, and 80 %) while n-hexane fraction showed mild activity (13, 20 and 26 %) at the test concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 μg/mL respectively. In this study six compounds {Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (1), 2- Hydroxybenoic acid (Salicylic acid) (2), 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (3), Oleracein E (4), Methyl-3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate (5) and Eupalitin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (6)} were isolated and characterized for the first time from B. procumbens. Compounds (5) and (4) showed a significant antileishmanial activity with IC50 values of 18.37 ± 0.07 μM and 48.19 ± 0.06 μM while compounds (4) and (6) depicted good inhibition against acetylcholinesterase enzyme with IC50 value of 54.39 ± 0.03 μM and 74.07 ± 0.06 μM. In Treg cell proliferation assay, Compound (4) was found most active against treg cell proliferation with percent increase (83.51) followed by compound 1 and 6 with percent increase (32.02 and 24.18), respectively. In the isolated compounds only Compound 4 showed less cytotoxicity against NIH-3T3 cell lines with IC50 value of 38.81 ± 2.93 at the test concentration of 100 μM. In-vivo biological activities, toxicity test of BP showed no sign of toxicity and any abnormal behavior up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg for crude extract while for compound (6) up to a dose of 500 mg/kg. The peripheral analgesic activity of crude extract of B. Procumbens at dose of 200 mg/kg exhibited significant effect (p<0.05) while at dose of 400 mg/kg showed more significant effect (p<0.01) against the antinociceptive activity. The central analgesic activity of extract (400 mg/kg) showed more significant effect (p<0.01) after 60 min of administration and remained significant till 120 min. The anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract (400 mg/kg) showed maximum percent inhibition (47.98 %) of paw edema at 5 hrs of observation. In hepatoprotective assay, compound (6) of B. Procumbens at dose of 60 mg/kg with CCl4 significantly reduced (p<0.01) the levels of SGPT and SGOT (26 ± 1.34 U/ml and 42.92 ± 1.6 U/ml) enzymes when compared with the group treated with CCl4 alone (23.85 ± 1.72 U/ml and 34.53 ± 2.41U/ml). Similarly, the serum levels of ALP and total bilirubin (179.22 ± 3.41U/ml and 3.23 ± 0.19 mg/dl) significantly decline (p < 0.01) was also observed in group treated with 60 mg/kg dose. The current research work strongly supports the ethnomedicinal properties of B. procumbens which has been used widely without scientific validation for the treatment of many diseases especially hepatic disorders. Therefore, B. Procumbens can utilizing for value added herbal medicines/products as this species grow commonly as weeds in Pakistan even under tough conditions of enviroments.