ٹریفک قوانین
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معززصدرو میرے ہم مکتب سا تھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پرلب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’ٹریفک قوانین‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
قانون، اصول، ضابطہ جیسے الفاظ کا تصور جب دماغ کے در پچوں کو دستک دیتا ہے تو تہذیب وتمدن ، اورمنظم قوم کی ایک تصویر بھی دماغ کے خانوں میں ابھرتی ہوئی محسوس ہوتی ہے، اور اُجلا پن جگہ جگہ دکھائی دینا شروع ہو جا تا ہے۔ کائنات رنگ و بو میں ہر شے کا اپنا اپناضابطہ ہے۔ نظام ِشمسی ہو، نظامِ فلکی ہو ،نظامِ ارضی و سماوی ہو، جملہ نظام ہائے حیات قوانین کے دائرے میں متحرک نظر آتے ہیں۔ کچھ قوانین ایسے ہوتے ہیں جن کو انسان اپنی بقاء کے لیے بناتے ہیں، انہی قوانین میں ٹریفک کے قوانین بھی ہیں۔
صد رِمحترم!
زمین پر حشرات الارض کو دیکھیں تو ان کی اجتماعی حرکت ایک قطار میں نظر آئے گی۔ آسمان کی بلندیوں پرمحوپرواز طائران خوش الحان کی زندگی کا مشاہدہ کریں تو ان کی پرواز بھی کسی قانون اور ضابطے کے تحت ہوگی۔ حدی خواں کے اونٹوں کی قطاریں، بلبل کی چہک، پھول کی مہک ، جگنو کی چمک، ستاروں کی دمک ، سورج کی روشنی، چاند کی چاندنی ، فضاؤں کی سرسراہٹ ، آبشاروں کی گڑگڑاہٹ ، سمندر کا سکوت، دریا کا شور، صبح سہانی ، ندیوں کی روانی یہ جملہ مظاہرِ فطرت کسی نہ کسی ضابطے کے تحت سرگرم عمل ہیں۔
معززصدر!
قوانین انسان کی فلاح کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں، انسان کی ترقی مقصود ہوتی ہے، انسان کی زندگی میں حسن پیدا کرنا ہوتا ہے، انسان کونشست و برخاست کا ڈھنگ سکھانا ہوتا ہے، انسان کی گفتار میں شائستگی پیدا کرنا ہوتی ہے۔ انسان کی رفتار میں اعتدال پیدا...
Arabic language is a family member of Semitic languages whereas Urdu is the member of Indo-European Languages. The Arabic language though is not from the same language family but amazingly it provides much of its share through alphabets, words with its meanings and pronunciation. These features of both languages have provoked to study it under the contrastive linguistics through semantic study of commonly used words. This research is a semantic study of commonly used words in both languages of different language family along with the applied linguistics in Language teaching. There are large numbers of Arabic words that are used in Urdu language and there are significant numbers of words that are used in different meanings, this change in meaning led to change in semantic field. This research paper also study the effect of semantic change of these words on Arabic Language teaching to the Pakistani students whose native language is Urdu. This study will also reveal the reasons of errors during language learning with the help of semantic study if commonly used words.
Insect pests are the major reasons for low yield in agricultural crops. Crop losses due to insect pests can be as high as 25 %, depends upon the climatic conditions and other factors; several strategies have been adopted for the control of insect pests. Recently developed biotechnological applications, several transgenic plants have been developed for insect resistance. Bacillus thuringiensis is one of the most successful examples of insecticidal toxins being used for insect control (especially bollworms). Sucking pests are also major cause of reduced yield in agricultural crops. Sucking insects suck the cell sap from the phloem tissues of plants and also act as a vector for virus transmission. Recent trends in agriculture towards reducing pesticide use and bringing ecological sustainability have led to increased interest in spiders as potential biological control agents. Spider venoms are complex cocktails of toxins that have evolved specifically to kill insects. Spider toxin (Hvt) gene from the Australian funnel web spider which is a calcium channel antagonist has been expressed in tobacco plants to develop resistance against some major insect pests (Bollworms). In the present PhD research work, the main focus was to develop resistance against major insect pests; American bollworm (Heliothis armigera) and mealybug (Phenococcus solenopsis). Different gene constructs were prepared and transformed in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) through Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation. Spider toxin (Hvt) gene was cloned under phloem specific RSs1 and RolC promoters and lectin gene from onion Allium cepa L agglutinin (ACA) and kallar grass Leptochloa fusca (LfL) was cloned under 2X35S promoter. PCR, Southern hybridization and real time qPCR analysis showed successful transformation and expression of insecticidal toxin genes in N. tabacum. Insect bioassays of transgenic plants were carried out in the laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Results showed 93.75 and 100 % mortality of H. armigera larvae when fed on detached leaves from transgenic tobacco plants expressing spider toxin (Hvt) gene under RolC and RSs1 promoters within 72 hour respectively. H. armigera larvae released on the detached leaves of transgenic plants expressing lectin gene from kallar grass and onion under 2X35S promoter showed, as 75 and 81.25 % mortality within 72 hours respectively. No mortality of H. armigera larvae was observed on the detached leaves of non-transformed tobacco plants up to 72 hours. Transgenic plants expressing spider toxin under RSs1 and RolC promoters gave good resistance against P. solenopsis on detached leaves; 68.75 and 75 % and on live transgenic tobacco plants 70 and 62.5 %, up to 10 days respectively. Transgenic plants expressing lectin gene from onion and kallar grass under 2X35S promoter showed high level resistance against nymphs of P. solenopsis on detached leaves; 87.5 and 81.25 % and on live transgenic plants; 90 and 87.5 % mortality of P. solenopsis within 10 days respectively. No mortality of P. solenopsis was recorded on non-transformed (control) tobacco plants up to 10 days. This study described expression of Hvt gene under RSs1 and RolC promoters and lectin gene under 2X35S promoter. Both genes are helpful for controlling chewing insects like H. armigera larvae and sap-sucking insect like P. solenopsis. This study has a potential for developing insect resistant transgenic crops. These crops can reduce the use of harmful pesticides, fuel use, input cost and yield losses, while increase profitability and enhance biodiversity and save the environment.