اردو اور فارسی شاعری کے علاوہ اقبال نثری تصانیف بھی لکھتے رہے۔ ان کی نثری کتب کی بھی بہت اہمیت ہے۔ ان کی پہلی نثری کتاب” علم الاقتصاد“ تھی جو 1904ء میں شائع ہوئی ۔ اقبال اسلامیہ کالج لاہور میں اقتصادیات اور تاریخ پڑھاتے تھے اس وقت معاشیات پر آپ نے اردو میں یہ کتاب لکھی اور خود ہی شائع بھی کروائی ۔اس کتاب کے مقدمہ میں اقبال نے غریبوں ، کسانوں اور ناداروں سے بہت محبت کا اظہار کیا ہے۔ زمینداروں، سرمایہ داروں اور کارخانہ داروں کے ظلم اور ناروا سلوک کا بھی اقبال نے ذکر کیا ہے۔
مقدمے کے آخری جملے میں اقبال نے علامہ شبلی نعمانی کا شکر یہ ادا کیا ہے کیونکہ علامہ شبلی نعمانی نے کتاب کے زبان و بیان کی اصلاح فرمائی تھی۔ اس طرح اقبال کی پہلی کتاب کو علامہ شبلی سے بھی نسبت رہی ہے۔
The duty of issuance Islamic legal verdict is a great job because the Mufti is the successor of the Prophets of Allah. He explains the commands of Allah — permissible and prohibited acts—and stops the disputes among the followers. The focal aspects of this research paper are the questions: What are the required conditions to be a reliable mufti? What are the points of agreement and differences among the four major schools of jurisprudence — Hanafi, Maliki, Shafa’i and Hanbali? The most important area of this paper is the question: What are the protocols and etiquettes of the procedure of issuance of a fatwa, the legal verdict, in our contemporary societies. In the first part of this paper, the analytical evaluation of the arguments presented by prominent jurists of the four major schools of Islamic Jurisprudence. This part suggests some points to reset the preferences because it is the need of time. The second part of the paper opines a number of suggestions to improve the manners, etiquettes and protocols of the procedure on part of a mufti. A mufti, being a representative of the seat of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), is not only responsible to Allah Almighty but also to wellbeing, security, and peace among the members of our society.
Background: Stroke is a sudden neurological deficit due to a vascular cause, which can be ischaemic, haemorrhagic stroke or another cause. It is a leading cause of disability and long term functional impairment in the world. The definitive management of an acute ischaemic stroke is thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy, both of which has been shown to improve functional outcome but the utilization remains quite low in most hospitals, especially in Africa. This is due to certain pre-hospital and in-hospital barriers, and these factors have been shown to differ from country to country. Objective: To determine the pre-hospital barriers that prevent hyper-acute management of strokes at Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi (AKUHN), categorized as patient/carer-specific factors including awareness of stroke, and system-related factors including transfer options to hospital. The secondary objectives were to determine: (i) stroke knowledge; (ii) in- hospital barriers that prevented hyper-acute management of strokes; and (iii) 30-day morbidity and mortality outcome measured using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study at AKUHN, where patients who presented to the hospital with a stroke were enrolled in the study. A standardized questionnaire was administered to the listed next of kin, or a relevant bystander at the time of the stroke, on behalf of the patient. The questionnaire captured demographic data, time and place of occurrence of stroke, mode of transport to the hospital, distance from place of stroke to hospital, amongst other factors, and also captured the understanding of stroke knowledge from the patient’s caregiver/bystander. Results: The main pre-hospital barriers identified included delay in arrival (p <0.001) and this was due to far distance to the hospital (50.5%), traffic snarl ups (31.1%), visiting another hospital first (11.7%) and lack of availability of vehicle (6.8%). Factors associated with early hospital arrival (<3.5 hours of symptom onset), were older age (p = 0.021), non- African origin (p = 0.034), presence of a bystander (p = 0.006), residence in Nairobi (p = 0.035), and distance travelled (p < 0.001). There was no significance in the mRS between the early arrival (<3.5 hours) and the late arrival (>3.5 hours) group. Conclusion: We identified significant pre-hospital barriers associated with delay of hospital arrival and subsequently delay of hyper-acute stroke management. These identified barriers require changes in pre-hospital emergency response services, improvement in stroke awareness including its treatment, and standardized in-hospital pathways to ensure improved quality of care to patients in