شاہ نادر خان
حادثۂ افغانستان
اکتوبر ۱۹۳۳ء میں افغانستان کو جاتے ہوئے، نومبر کے لئے جب میں شذرات قلمبند کررہا تھا تو یہ خیال نہ تھا کہ میری واپسی اس قدر جلد ہوگی اور اسی طرح ۳۰؍ اکتوبر کی صبح کو کابل سے روانہ ہوتے ہوئے یہ خیال بھی نہ تھا کہ ۸؍ نومبر ۱۹۳۳ء کو سہ پہر کو افغانستان میں یہ عظیم الشان واقعہ پیش آئے گا، ۳؍ نومبر کی رات کو غزنین و قندھار و چمن ہوکر میں اور ڈاکٹر سر اقبال کوئٹہ پہنچے اور میں ملتان میں دو روز ٹھہر کر ۸ کی دوپہر کو لکھنؤ پہنچا اور ۹ کی صبح کو شاہ نادر خاں کی شہادت کی وہ خبر سنی جس کا وہم و گمان بھی نہ تھا۔
افغانستان کی سرزمین ناگہانی سیاسی واقعات کے ظہور کے لیے ہمیشہ سے مشہور ہے، مگر آج جب دشمن ہر قدم پر کمین میں ہیں، اس قسم کے واقعہ کا پیش آنا حد درجہ افسوسناک ہے، افسوس اشخاص کی حیات و موت کا اتنا نہیں، جتنا افغان قوم کی حیات و موت کا ہے۔
ہم کو معلوم ہے کہ اس وقت ملک کی ترقی کے لئے وہاں کیا کیا تدابیر زیر غور تھیں، مگر افسوس کہ واقعات نے اب نیا پہلو بدلا ہے تاہم ہم کو امید ہے کہ موجودہ کار فرمایان حکومت کی دانشمندی سے مصیبت کی وہ بلائیں افغانستان کے سرسے دور ہوجائیں گی، جو اس وقت منڈلا رہی ہیں۔
دعا ہے کہ شاہ شہید کو مغفرت اور ملک کو امن و امان نصیب ہو۔
(سید سلیمان ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۳۳ء)
It is estimated by studying the history that the imagination of life was limited before the appearance of Islam. A new era started after the arrival of Islam. Revolution came in thoughts and ideas. Every department was effected even poetry, literature and language pleasantly effected. A revolution created in the Arabic literature after the revelation of the Holy Quran even it taught the rituals of representation of emotions along with facial and spiritual beauty to the Arabic literature. Arabic language is full of knowledge and thoughts of whole world today and the axis of Arabic language and literature is the Holy Quran. The resources of ignorant literature which we get today was collected to save and understand the language of the Holy Quran. For example to eliminate the linguistic flaws, grammar science came into being and rhetoric science came into being to prove Quranic miracle and language and literature came into being to explain the poor words, and Hadith, tafseer, fiqah and other sciences came into being for religious laws. The Holy Quran changed the direction of literature towards justice, service to humanity and support of right and truth and chastity and modesty and God-worship. It gave appropriate dignified styles to explain every topic and invited to work by using reasons and thoughts. Arabic language is effected by the Holy Quran in such a way that it softened the hard and ruthless hearts of Arabs and made the surface wisdom heavy and solid by entering in it. Could not get effected by Holy Quran as the level which prose got benefit. The prose got more shine in the time of Khulafa-e-rashidin when victories increased, boundaries of Islamic state expanded and political and developmental issues increased. It is a fact that Arabic prose got too high as compared to the Arabic poetry due to the Holy Quran.
Arylboronic acids & esters are versatile synthetic intermediates used extensively in the synthesis of existing as well as new medicines, agrochemicals, conjugated polymers, and variety of other functional materials. One of the most common and well-known application of aryl boronic esters in organic syntheses is in the Suzuki cross coupling reaction (Chemistry Nobel Prize 2010). Due to large number of applications of aryl boronic esters, there is huge interest in the development of new & convenient routes for their syntheses. Traditionally aryl boronic esters have been prepared from aryl halides by generating organometallic species (organolithium or magnesium) followed by treatment with trialkyl borate. In 1995, Miyaura and co-workers reported a direct palladium catalyzed borylation of aryl halides which by-passed the need to prepare organolithium/magnesium compounds. More recently, groups of Smith-Maleczka and Hartwig- Miyaura have reported a new iridium-catalyzed route for the syntheses of aryl boronic esters directly from the hydrocarbon feed-stock. Chapter 1 describe the literature background about this methodology. While Chapter 2-4 summarize our efforts to synthesize fluorinated aryl & pyridylboronic esters using the newly developed iridium-catalyzed C–H borylation reaction. Fluorinated molecules are becoming increasingly popular in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. This is due to the fact that strategically placed fluorine atoms often have a positive influence on the biological properties of active compounds. Fluorine atom as well as fluorine containing substituents such as triflouromethyl or flouroalkoxy groups are useful to tailor pKa values, help penetrating the cell membrane, and are stable to oxidative metabolism. About 20% of all pharmaceuticals and about 30% of agrochemicals under development or recently introduced on the market contain fluorine. Selected examples of fluorine containing drugs include Lipitor, Celebrex, Ciprofloxacin, Pantoprazole, and Fluoxetine etc. Consequently, synthetic methods for the selective preparation of specifically fluorinated intermediates and building blocks are of high importance. Chapter 2 describe our efforts to synthesize fluoroalkoxy substituted arylboronic esters by iridium-catalyzed aromatic C−H borylation. The fluoroalkoxy groups employed include trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy, & 2,2-difluoro- 1,3-benzodioxole. Regioselectivities observed in iridium-catalyzed borylation of fluoroalkoxy arenes are complementary to those observed for electrophilic aromatic substitution and directed ortho metalation. 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl) pyridine is a highly electron deficient heteroaromatic compound. Attempted functionalization of the C–H bonds of 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridine using the traditional methodologies has not been successful. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is not possible due to the highly electron deficient nature of 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridine. Literature search showed that attempted directed ortho metalation on this compound using butyllithium or tert-butyllithium has also not been successful. In Chapter 3, it has been shown that iridiumcatalyzed aromatic borylation can readily functionalize this substrate to yield 2,6- bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-4-boronic acid pinacol ester. The newly synthesized highly electrondeficient pyridine-4-boronic ester was employed in Suzuki coupling reaction using various (hetero)aryl bromides and the coupled products were obtained in good to excellent isolated yields. Double, and triple Suzuki coupling reactions of the pyridyl-4-boronic esters were also successful. These coupling reactions demonstrate that this new pyridine-4-boronic ester can be very useful for the incorporation of one of the strongest electron-withdrawing fluorinated aromatic group in organic materials. Chapter 4 describe our results on the borylation of unsymmetrical 2,6-di-substituted pyridines. Regioselective borylation on the 4-position of various 2,6-di-substituted pyridines was generally observed as expected based on steric effects. The only major exception being the 2,6-dimethoxypyridine in which significant amount of borylation ortho to the methoxy groups were also observed. Erosion in regioselectivity for this substrate was removed by lowering the reaction temperature. In conclusion, iridium-catalyzed aromatic C–H borylation is a convenient tool to functionalize fluoroalkoxy arenes and pyridines, allowing new regioselectivity patterns which are not available through the traditional routes. Synthetic utility of the newly synthesized pyridyl & arylboronic esters is demonstrated by using these in the Suzuki coupling reaction.