نور حسین نور میواتی
نور حسین نور میواتی(۱۹۴۵ئ۔پ) چوہان کی ریاست الور(بھارت) کے علاقہ سپوات میں پیدا ہوئے ۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد ان کے والدین بھارت سے ہجرت کر کے موضع رام رائیاں تحصیل ڈسکہ میں آباد ہو گئے۔ (۹۶۵) نور میواتی نظم گو اور غزل گو شاعرہیں۔ ان کے ہاں روایت اور جدت کا امتزاج ملتا ہے۔ وہ طبقاتی تفاوت کے خلاف اپنی شاعری میں نفرت آمیز احتجاج کی صدا بلند کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کے ہاں سیاسی اور سماجی شعور بھی ملتا ہے۔ انھیں بھوک، غربت، جبر ،اقربا پروری اور نا انصافی سے نفرت ہے۔ وہ اپنی شاعری میں ظلم و ستم ،بد امنی ،خوف ،دہشت گردی اور منافقت سے بھر پور استحصالی نظام کے خلاف صدائے احتجاج بلند کرتے نظر آتے ہیں:
رہتے ہیں شب و روز دھماکوں کے جہاں میں
ہر صبح نئی آہ و بکا دیکھ رہا ہوں
مکتب میں سیاست کی ہوا دیکھ رہا ہوں
قانون کو پائوں میں دبا دیکھ رہا ہوں (۹۶۶)
نور میواتی کی شاعری مبالغہ آرائی سے پاک ہے ۔وہ ایک حقیقت پسند انسان اور فنکار ہیں۔ وہ اپنی فن کاری میں حقیقت اور حق گوئی کو نظر انداز نہیں کر تے۔ سچائی اور صداقت ان کی شاعری کی ایک اہم خوبی ہے۔ انسانی زندگی غم اور خوشی کا مجموعہ ہے۔ ایسا نہیں کہ جس کے پاس غم ہے اس کے پاس خوشی نہیں اور ایسا بھی نہیں کہ جس کا دامن خوشیوں سے بھرا ہووہ غم سے دو چار نہیں ہوتا۔ میواتی انسان کی زندگی کی تلخ حقیقت کو جا بجا اپنی شاعری میں بیان کرتے ہیں۔ چند اشعار پیشِ خدمت ہیں:
گلوں کے دیس میں کانٹے بھی مہک جاتے ہیں
فضائے برق میں غنچے بھی دہک جاتے ہیں(۹۶۷)
جوہروں کی تلاش میں نکلا
دامن بھر لیا انگاروں سے
تہہ دریا ڈھونڈ کر...
The global financial crises 2007 bring about the current banking regulations which stood inadequate to avoid banks from taking in unnecessary risk actions. Therefore, Bank for International Settlement (BIS) and G-20 leaders endorsed a new international standard of banking regulations by revising previous Basel II rule, introduced in 2004, into Basel III in late 2010, so as to enhance the quality including quantity of capital, leverage ratio and liquidity standards, which has become a challenge for nationals to implement these strict reforms under their existing banking system. Parallel with the conventional banking system, for which the Basel Committee formulated Basel framework, Islamic banking introduced in early 1977 to 1980 in Pakistan in response to the decision by the Shariat Bench of Supreme Court, necessitates that the financial system be transformed to operate in conformity with sharia. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Bank Negara Malaysia are the regulator of Islamic banks and full member of IFSB. The Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) established in 2002 in Malaysia as an international standard-setting organization to enforce the international regulatory and supervisory guidelines for Islamic financial organizations along with other standard setting bodies such as AAOIFI and ISDB to achieve this objective. The IFSB promotes the stability and soundness of the Islamic financial institutions by issuing guiding standards and prudential regulations for the industry, The IFSB applied Basel standards in the context of Islamic banks and its operating models. This paper critically evaluates Islamic financial institution’s regulatory and supervisory structures particularly for Pakistan and Malaysia and examines financial position after implementing Basel Accord rules. Study suggests a positive impact in case of both countries.
In this research formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in goat and sheep meat were studied during natural gas grilling, wood charcoal grilling and oil frying. The effect of different types of condiments in reducing the formation of PAHs during these procedures was also studied. The meat of five organs (chest, foreleg, heart, hind leg and liver of goat and sheep was obtained and cleaned well. After homogenizing, except control, each sample was cooked using three procedures and all the samples including controls after extracting and concentrating were analysed and identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the mass of titled eight HPLC identified PAHs was verified using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The concentration of the tittled eight PAHs in control samples was not observed to be significant and the maximum increase in said eight PAHs was observed due to wood charcoal grilling. In case of goat, hind leg showed maximum concentration of PAHs in all cooking methods, ranging up to 11.11ng/g in gas grilling, 30.39ng/g in wood charcoal grilling and 24.82ng/g for oil frying. The minimum concentrations were found in liver ranging 0.47ng/g for gas grilling, 1.31ng/g for wood charcoal grilling and 0.74ng/g for oil frying. Similar trend of PAHs production was found in sheep meat. Effect of condiments on the formation of titled eight PAHs explained that modified condiments type III (Normal condiments + onion + garlic + ginger + clove + lemon juice) proved to be the best to reduce the formation of all the selected PAHs in the heat treated meat samples. T-test and ANOVA statistically confirmed the results with 95% confidence interval. It was concluded that open flame grilling should be avoided and condiments used prior to cooking minimize the production of PAHs.