اعجاز صدیقی
افسوس ہے ہمارے عزیز دوست اوربچپن کے ساتھی جناب اعجاز صدیقی کاپچھلے دنوں بمبئی میں اچانک انتقال ہوگیا۔اناﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔
مرحوم مولانا سیماب اکبر آبادی کے فرزند ارجمند اوراُن کے خاص تربیت یافتہ تھے۔اردو کے بلندپایہ اورقادرالکلام شاعر توتھے ہی، بڑی بات یہ ہے کہ فن کے اصول وفروع اوراُس کے رموزونکات اورزبان کے قواعد اوراُس کے مصطلحات پر اُن کی نگاہ وسیع اوردقیق تھی، اس بناء پر وہ نقاد بھی بہت اچھے تھے۔نثر بھی شگفتہ لکھتے تھے۔تقسیم کے بعد آگرہ کے حالات ناقابل برداشت ہوئے اور وہاں رہنا دشوار ہوگیا توبمبئی منتقل ہوگئے۔یہاں اُن کوسخت پریشانیوں اوردشواریوں سے سابقہ پیش آیا لیکن انھوں نے بڑی ہمت اورجواں مردی سے ان سب کا مقابلہ کیا۔ ’’شاعر‘‘کو نہ صرف یہ کہ جاری رکھا، اُس کوبہتر سے بہتر بنانے کی کوششوں میں لگے رہے اورآخر کاربمبئی ایسے غدارشہر میں اپنا ایک خاص مرتبہ ومقام حاصل کرنے میں کامیاب ہوئے۔ اُن کو اردو سے عشق تھا، تقسیم کے نتیجہ میں اُس پر جو بپتا پڑی تھی، مرحوم عمر بھراُس کا ماتم کرتے اوراُس کی اصلاح کی جدوجہد کرتے رہے۔طبعاً بڑے خوش خلق،غیورو خوددار،باوضع اور نہایت محنتی اور جفاکش انسان تھے۔ اُن کی وفات سے اردو اپنی فوج کے ایک بہت بڑے مجاہد سے محروم ہوگئی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ اُن کومغفرت وبخشش کی نعمتوں سے نوازے۔
[مارچ۱۹۷۸ء]
Introduction: A total of 144 medical colleges are contributing to the country’s progress. Excessive usage of social media is a cause of not only the deterioration of physical and psychological health of medical students, but has also become a defining reason of procrastination and attaining less than ideal grades. Where most western institutes implement strict social media policies in medical schools, those in Pakistan are gravely lacking. Objective: The objective of this research implementation of social media in medical schools of Pakistan and then identify the need to develop such policies. Methods: We conducted qualitative research in which method of data collection was primarily focus group discussions (FGD) of a total of 40 participants from five different medical colleges of Pakistan. The participants included medical practitioners and medical students(n=20) who were further divided into four groups of five participants each. FGD was conducted online. Results: Content analysis revealed seven core themes as point of discussions to be highlighted. Almost all participants were grossly unaware of the importance of social media usage regulation and its implementation in medical schools. Conclusion: At the end of the FGD it was unanimously agreed upon that there must be a uniform and standard social media policy defined by the regulating bodies of medical schools. This research may further be conducted by including policymakers in the sample. KEYWORDS: Social media, policy, medical colleges.
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), the White Gold, occupies a pivotal position in Pakistan’s economy as it is the major source of raw material for textile industry in the country. Currently, cotton crop is facing a number of restraints, resulting in low yield per ha. Some of the constraints include costly agricultural inputs (seed, fertilizers, pesticides etc), pest attack, lack of pest and disease resistant varieties, good quality seed, scarcity of irrigation water, improper cultivation method and unavailability of advanced technologies. The research was conducted at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to explore the response of cotton to tillage, irrigation and sowing methods. The aim of the experiment was to assess most suitable and economical tillage system and planting method for cotton crop, to attain efficient irrigation water utilization and saving without affecting crop yield or quality and to quantify the irrigation water for cotton crop required for different planting methods. Keeping in view, two different experiments were conducted for two consecutive years. First experiment comprised of two tillage systems i.e., conventional tillage (one time disc harrow + two cultivations + planking) and deep tillage (chiselling twice + one cultivation + planking) and three sowing methods viz; flat sowing, ridge sowing, and bed sowing. The second experiment comprised of two irrigation levels (50% field capacity and 75% field capacity) along with three different sowing methods (flat sowing, ridge sowing, and bed sowing). Replicated three times, both experiments were laid out in split plot design randomizing tillage systems in main plots and sowing methods in sub-plots in experiment I while in experiment II irrigation levels were randomized in main plots and sowing methods in sub-plots maintaining a net plot size of 6.0 m × 9.0 m. Bt cotton variety AA-703 was sown at 75 cm spaced rows using 20 kg seed rate ha-1. Data pertaining to growth and yield parameters were recorded and analysed statistically. In first experiment, higher root length was recorded at deep tillage than conventional tillage during both the years of the study. Deep tillage gave maximum leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) showing increase in seed cotton yield of 18.72% in 2010 and 11.14% in 2011. Bed sowing produced 8.8% higher yield than ridge sowing in 2010 and 4.12% higher during 2011 and 25.61 and 16.47% higher than flat sowing respectively. Deep tillage with bed sowing gave maximum net returns of Rs. 121556/- with benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.81 in year 2010, while in 2011 it was Rs. 68627/- with BCR 1.45. In second experiment, application of irrigation at 75% field capacity (FC) significantly increased LAI, crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and TDM over 50% FC in 2010 and similar trend was also observed in 2011. Water applied at 75% FC enhanced 38 % yield during 2010 and 30.49% in 2011 than 50% FC. Bed sowing produced 12.1% and 18.09% (in 2010) and 6.08 and 19% (in 2011) higher yield than ridge sowing and flat sowing, respectively. Irrigation level of 75% FC with bed sowing gave maximum net return of Rs. 82574/- with BCR of 1.54 in 2010, while Rs. 43336/- with BCR 1.28 in 2011.