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Patent's Compulsory Licensing Regulations in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Ali Said

Department

Shariah and Law

Program

LLM

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2007

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Language

English

Other

[MS 346.735491 AUP]

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676724306190

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مسجد حسین

مسجد حسین

مسجد الازہر شریف اور مسجد حسین کے درمیان ایک بڑی شاہراہ ہے ہم نے اس بڑی شاہراہ کو مشکل سے عبور کیا ،کیونکہ یہاں گاڑیوں کا رش انتہا پر تھا ۔عشا کی نماز کے لیے ابھی کچھ وقت باقی تھا ۔مسجد حسین کے میناروں پر لگے لائوڈ سپیکروں سے خوش الحان قاری کی تلاوت کی آواز کانوںکو بھلی لگ رہی تھی ۔جوں ہی قاری آیت کے خاتمے کے بعد سانس کی بحالی کے لیے وقفہ لیتا تو ساتھ بیٹھے سامعین داد کے طور پر بلند آواز سے ’’اﷲ‘‘پکارتے ۔دکتور محمود نے بتا یا کہ یہ ایک تاریخی مسجد ہے یہاں امام عالی مقام حضرت امام حسین ؑ کا سر مبارک دفن کیا گیا ہے ۔یہاں دنیا بھر سے اہلِ تشیع زیارت کے لیے آتے ہیں ۔اس مسجد کی انفرادیت یہ بھی ہے کہ قاری عبدالباسط اور کئی دوسرے قرأ یہاں نماز سے پہلے تلاوت کرتے اور سامعین سے داد وصول کرتے رہے ہیں یہ روایت آج بھی قائم ہے۔ امام حسین ؑ کے سر مبارک کے حوالے سے جب اہلِ تشیع دوستوں سے تصدیق کی تو معلوم ہوا کہ صرف شیعہ فرقے دائود بوہری کا یہ دعویٰ ہے باقیوں کا نہیں ۔قبلے کی طرف منبر سے دائیں جانب ایک بڑے ہال میں چاندی کی جالیوں سے سر اقدس والی جگہ کو ڈھانپا گیا ہے ۔ زائرین اس کے گرد چکر لگا رہے تھے بعض وہاں نوافل پڑھ رہے تھے۔ یہاں مکمل مسلکی آزادی تھی ۔کوئی شیعہ کافر ،کوئی سنی کافر کی آوازیں نہ تھیں ۔چند مخیر حضرات لوگوں میں نیاز تقسیم کر رہے تھے ۔مجھے بھی ایک سخی نے کھجور ،ٹافیوں اور چاکلیٹ کے پیکٹ تھما دیے ۔

مسجد حسین ایک کشادہ مسجد ہے نمازِ عشاء کے لیے جب جماعت کھڑی ہوئی تو میرے خیال کے برعکس پوری مسجد...

Trash Rush – Educational Mobile Game For Android Devices

As population grows faster, the rise of garbage collection follows.  Massive information dissemination of waste management has been done by local representatives to educate people but despite the effort exerted still mismanagement of waste exist that caused serious environmental consequences to nature and human beings.  This condition ignites the researchers to develop a technology-based means to help disseminate proper disposal of garbage through the use of mobile phones.  Trash Rush educational mobile game application utilized Lua Scripting Language for game features, system behavior and synchronizes the phone sensor to the system. The Lua tool is decoded to JSON codes and sent to PHP MySQL in the webserver for storage. For tilting motion and orientation of the phone, the researchers employ the accelerometer sensor as the main navigation controller.   For sound and background effects, the Reactable Application is utilized.  The Box2D game engine is used to analyze and interpret the images and graphic effects while the Box2D API is utilized for object movement and animation. The Motion Parallax effect is also used to give more realistic effects in movements of the objects and the graphical background of the game. All these components are extracted through the APK file of Corona SDK to build and publish the app.  Upon reaching to the deployment stage of iterative model, it was found out that the system became viral to grade levels in the campus because of its story and time attack mechanism.

Synthesis and Characterization of Biopolymer/Ha Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

The idea of starting this research project was to elucidate the development procedure of a novel biocompatible nano composite that is directly linked to the properties of natural bone in terms of its composition, morphology, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. These nanocomposites are composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) and whitlockite (WH) nanoparticles embedded in polymeric matrix and hydrogels.The fabrication procedures used are of common use including pre-treatment of nanoparticles and embedding into biopolymers such as Cyclic olefenic copolymer and CollagenPEGDMA hybrid matrix where effect of different loading ratios of HA nanoparticles and WH nanoparticles was investigated.Nano powders of HA were chemically synthesized under various processing conditions using surfactants with different charges and chain lengths such as CTAB (cationic) and SDS (anionic) surfactants were used in the synthesis procedures for regulating the nucleation and growth of the hydroxyapatite phase. The synthesis methods, mainly based on aqueous systems were used which are simple and can offer accurate control on the nano powders of various size and morphologies. The effect of different weight ratios ofHA nanoparticles and WH was evaluated after successful fabrication of nanocomposites by dispersing these nanoparticles in polymeric matrices. TOPAS/HA, TOPAS/WH and Collagen-PEGDMA/HA nanocomposites were successfully prepared and further characterized. Solution casting procedure was used to construct these nano composites. Effect of various weight ratios was investigated on physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the nano composites. These nano composites were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Compression testing, Biocompatibility testing including cell culture of bone/cartilage cell lines, antibacterial test, biodegradability, and swelling characteristics. The morphology of nanocomposites has been investigated using Scanning electron microscopy and Atomic force microscopy. Compression testingwas performed on all type of nanocomposites to evaluate and optimize the mechanical strength. Cell culture wasperformedto evaluate thebiocompatibility ofthese nanocomposites onbone cell lines in case of TOPAS/HA and TOPAS/WH while cartilage cell lines were used in the case of COl-PGD/HA nanocomposites. Swelling and degradation characteristics were also evaluated. It was revealed from this study thet the compressive strengths of nano compositescan be enhancedwith the addition of nanoparticlesand optimized to make values comparable with the compressive strength of natural bone and cartilage tissues. In case of TOPAS/HA the increased values are185 % from 0.26 to 0.74 MPa at the concentration of 10 wt%.Whearas in case of PGD-16/HA, up to 10 wt%, strength is enhanced ~ 90 % from 9 to 17.3 kPa.In case of TOPAS/WH increase of 0.2MPa to 1.7MPa in strength at lower concentration of WH upto 10wt%has been experimented. The biocompatibility data of cell viability on the whole, is above 90% in all nanocomposites and the values are even higher than95%.In TOPAS/HA (10 wt%) exhibits the highest trend for cell viability of 99.9 ± , while in case of PGD-16/HA (10 wt%) the cell viability of hybrid composites is 100 % as comparedto the TCP control group while the cell viability values are around 95-100% in case of TOPAS/WH (10wt%). These results make these nanocomposites suitable for biomedical applications.