فینٹسی کولاژ
ضیغم رضا،پی ایچ ڈی اسکالر
جب مجھے اپنی اس صلاحیت کا ادراک ہوا کہ میں کسی بھی کتاب کے صفحے کو ایک نظردیکھ کر اس کے متن کو حفظ کرسکتا ہوں تو میں نے اپنا تمام تر وقت مطالعے میں صَرف کرنا شروع کردیا۔ جو صفحہ جہاں سے بھی ہاتھ لگا میں نے حفظ کرڈالا۔ اپنے جاننے والوں کی نجی لائبریریوں کو چند دنوں میں ختم کرکے میں نے شہر کا رُخ کیا۔ سرکاری و نجی لائبریریاں؛ جہاں تک بھی میری رسائی ہوئی؛ وہاں موجود کتابیں اب میرے حافظے میں بھی محفوظ ہوچکی تھیں۔ دنوں؛ ہفتوں اور مہینوں کی بے چینی کے بعد بالآخر وہ دن آگیا جب مجھ پہ انکشاف ہوا کہ اب پڑھنے کو کچھ نہیں بچا۔ میں نے تمام لائبریریوں میں موجود تمام تر کتابیں اپنے ذہن میں محفوظ کرلی تھیں۔
اُس رات میں اطمینان سے سویا کہ مزید پڑھنے کی تڑپ اب بالکل ختم ہوچکی تھی۔ رات کے کسی لمحے مَیں بیدار ہوا تو مجھے پانی کی پیاس محسوس ہوئی۔ ہونٹوں پہ زُبان پھیرتا میں اپنی چارپائی سے اُترنے ہی لگا تھا کہ مجھے یاد آیا؛ تاریخ میں ایک سے زائد اشخاص کو چارپائی سے اُترتے ہوئے سانپ نے ڈس لیا تھا۔ میں نے اپنے آپ کو وہیں روکا اور دائیں طرف سے اُترنے کی بجائے بائیں طرف سے زمین پہ پاؤں رکھنا چاہے۔ اس سےپہلے کہ میرے پاؤں زمین پہ ٹِکتے مجھے یاد آیا کہ ایک شخص نے چارپائی کے بائیں طرف سے زمین پہ پیر اُتارے تھے مگر پاؤں ٹِکنے سے پہلے ہی وہ اوندھے منہ گرا اورموت کے منہ میں چلاگیا تھا۔۔ میں نے اپنے پاؤں سمیٹے اور اپنی چارپائی کا ہر حصہ آزمایا کہ شاید میں زمین پہ پاؤں رکھ سکوں مگر بے سود۔۔۔ میری یادداشت...
Constitution is the basic code of every state system. There are laws for state administration, discipline and rulers in constitution. There are some privileges for the rulers in the Pakistani constitution. Among the privileges that Pakistani rulers have, laws of exception, protocol and luxury packages or facilities are included. In Pakistani constitution, the rulers also enjoy these privileges and according to the rules and regulation of parliament and senate. Our Constitution does not provide Parliamentarians any specific immunity against criminal actions as has been granted to the President as well as the Prime Minster. The only specific protection enjoyed by a Minister/Prime Minister is for official actions under powers of their office. The right of lessen or amendment in Sharīʻah penalty of the President of Pakistan is not right according to the Islamic Sharīʻah. But he can utilize honorary rights in criminological penalty. The Governor has the authority to dissolve the Provincial Assembly under certain circumstances during the emergency situation. If the ruler uses the option of freedom of opinion with deception, dishonesty and contempt of court then he should also be answerable. Sometimes rulers misuse their privileges and even exceed their powers. Discretionary options of the rulers must be under public interests. Such privilege rules must be amended which reflect inequality between rulers and masses. It is necessary to put the honorary rights of rulers under logic and there must be a law of behold for the unlawful usage of authority, so that the bad utilization of these laws can be prevented. Such reserved rights must be amended which enhance the concept of un-equity between the rulers and public. For the better administration harmony among the public and administration is necessary. In this research paper we will analyze the concept and importance of privileges mentioned in the Constitution of Pakistan in the light of Islamic teachings.
Research plays a significant role in the development of a country. A country cannot progress without establishing a sound research system in its higher education institutions. It is a national dilemma that a conducive research environment could not flourish in Pakistani universities. However, Higher Education Commission (HEC) has been striving hard to promote international level research culture in the country since its establishment. Even though, researchers face so many barriers in conducting research at postgraduate level programs at higher education institutions especially in the provinces which need to be identified and addressed. The purpose of this study was to identify the main barriers and analyze the opinions of supervisors and scholars about various barriers in conducting research at postgraduate level at public and private sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For this purpose eight (08) universities (four each in public and private sector) were randomly selected by the researcher as a sample. The sample consisted of 640 respondents including four each from the disciplines of natural and social sciences. The scholar received 521 responses out of 640. A questionnaire comprising of 50 items and one open ended question was designed. Data was analyzed using mean, percentage, standard deviation and t–test, while open-ended questions were analyzed using content analysis method. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents (supervisors and scholars) were on the same page regarding the barriers (supervisory, financial, social, personal, and administrative) in conducting research at postgraduate level programs in both the sectors. A significant difference of opinions was observed among the views of the respondents about the role of supervisors in public and private universities which may be due to the number of available supervisors and students’ strength. The nature of program did not prove to be a strong variable in producing significant change in the opinions about the barriers except a disagreement was noticed about social barriers among the respondents of public sector universities. There was no difference in the opinion of male and female respondents about barriers in the research process. The discipline of the respondents showed similar responses about the barriers except the data revealed difference of opinions about supervisory barriers in private sector universities. Content analysis revealed that supervisors had reservations about the scholars (passive attitude, lack of academic skills) and administration (lack of HEC approved supervisors, less remuneration, lack of resources) while the scholars too had concerns regarding supervisors (part-time availability, lack of research expertise, paucity of time due to academic and administrative responsibilities) and administration (non-availability of research grant, lengthy topic approval procedure, non-availability of resources, imbalanced supervisor-supervisee ratio). The study concludes by identifying and comparing views of the respondents about the barriers that are creating hurdles in postgraduate research at public and private sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as well as suggesting areas where future work might build on the findings of the study.